scholarly journals The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Martin ◽  
J. A. Milne ◽  
P. Moberly
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship

1. Studies were made of the extent to which p-cresol, catechol, quinol and orcinol infused through rumen or abomasal cannulas to sheep were recovered in their urine.2. Rumen fermentation of dietary phenolic compounds caused the excretion of simple phenols in the urine. In decreasing order of magnitude these were: p-cresol, catechol, phenol and 4-methylcatechol with only traces of quinol and orcinol.3. The percentages of rumen-infused p-cresol or orcinol recovered as increments in the urinary phenol outputs of sheep (94 and 99% respectively) following infusion showed that rumen degradation of these phenols was negligible.4. After rumen infusion of catechol and quinol, mean recoveries of these phenols in urine were only 55 and 77% respectively. Possible reasons for these incomplete recoveries are discussed.5. Studies were also made of the use of the urinary phenol output of phenols characteristic of particular forages as indices of their voluntary intake by sheep. Calluna vulgaris L. (Hull) (heather) may contain 1300–3600 mg/kg dry matter (DM) of orcinol and 200–800 mg/kg DM of quinol as β-glycosides. When heather was offered ad lib. to sheep given one of five levels of grass, linear relationships were found between heather intake and urinary quinol and orcinol outputs.6. The urinary output of aromatic acids was also determined when sheep ate grass and heather. Urinary phenylacetic acid output was linearly related to grass but not to heather intake. The relationship between urinary phenylacetic acid output and grass intake could vary with different forages but that between orcinol output and heather intake was considered a useful index of heather intake.7. Methods for the assay of urine phenols are discussed.

The possibility of predicting the sheep voluntary dry matter intake of hays from their rumen degradation characteristics

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
S. Lopez ◽  
Dolores Carro ◽  
J.S. Gonzalez ◽  
F.J. Ovejero
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
The Relationship

Ability to predict accurately the intake of digestible nutrients by ruminants is of great interest. The feed intake can be limited mainly by the amount of undigested residue remaining in the rumen. Ingested feed disappears from the rumen in two ways: through digestion and through passage. So, forages with easily degraded cell-walls, may promote faster rates of digestion and passage and allow the animal to consume more feed (Hovell et al., 1986).The objective of the present study is to determine the rate and extent of rumen degradation of various hays “in situ” and to evaluate the ability to predict the voluntary intake from these rumen degradation characteristics.Eleven sun-cured hays from three cultivars (alfalfa, red-clover and vetch-cereal), two sown grasslands (grass-clover mixture and mixed grass sward) and six permanent meadows were used to study the relationship between some rumen degradation characteristics and the voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) by sheep.

Prediction of the voluntary intake of grass silages by beef cattle. 1. Linear regression analyses

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTData on individually recorded silage dry-matter intake (SDMI), concentrate dry-matter intake (CDMI) and live weight of steers and data on silage composition including toluene dry matter (TDM), pH, total nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from experiments conducted at three sites were used to obtain simple and multiple linear regressions of SDMI on other variables.Live weight accounted for a high proportion of the variation in intake but this effect could generally be removed by scaling intake by live weight raised to the power of 0·75 (M0·75). CDMI was the most important factor affecting scaled intake in mixed diets. TDM, NH,-N and VFAs all had important effects on SDMI. The relationship of SDMI with TDM was curvilinear suggesting that there is little to be gained in intake terms from wilting to TDM above 250 g/kg. The effect of NH3-N appeared to be related more to its correlation with VFAs than with any other nitrogenous constituent while the VFAs appeared to have a direct effect on SDMI. The effects of N and pH on SDMI were generally small. DOMD and NDF had relatively little effect on SDMI. Significant differences in intercepts between sites were found for most relationships although common slopes were often found.

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. III. The relationship between improvement of nitrogen status and increase in voluntary intake of low-protein roughages by sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Status Data ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
The Relationship

Relationships between the intake of feed by sheep fed on low-protein roughage and the improvement of the sheep's nitrogen status by duodenal supplementation are described. Results of experiments suggest that an increased protein intake initiated an improvement in dry matter and digestible energy intake which was related to improved nitrogen balance. An increased rate of passage of food through the alimentary tract did not alone account for greater intakes, since at a given rate of passage, the intake was higher when the sheep were in higher nitrogen balance; this suggested a higher level of 'fill' of the alimentary tract with improved nitrogen status. Data from other experiments where nitrogen supplements were given in the diet were examined similarly and similar conclusions were reached. The possible roles of protein absorbed by the sheep and of certain other nutritional factors are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms for regulating roughage intake by the sheep.

scholarly journals The urinary aromatic acids excreted by sheep given S24 perennial ryegrass cut at six stages of maturity

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

1. S 24 perennial ryegrass was harvested at six stages of its growth from young leafy herbage to mature grass in which the seed had shed.2. Two sheep were offered 1kg/d of each cut and two other sheep were offered 750 g/d of each cut of grass.3. The contents of some possible precursors of the urinary aromatic acids excreted by sheep, namely, shikimic acid, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, total o-dihydroxyphenolic compounds, lignin and crude protein were determined in each cut of grass.4. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the aromatic acids present in light petroleum extracts of urine was developed.5. The urinary excretion of creatinine, diethyl ether-soluble acids, hippuric acid, total benzoic, phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids, and the apparent digestibilities of nitrogen, lignin and dry matter were determined with each sheep offered each cut of grass.6. The quantity of the various aromatic acid fractions excreted by sheep decreased as the maturity of the herbage increased and was directly proportional to the amount of food consumed.7. No relationship was found between the intake of possible benzoic acid precursors and the urinary excretion of benzoic acid. With diets of young herbage, smaller amounts of benzoic acid were excreted in the urine than would be predicted from the intakes of the precursors studied, and with mature herbage greater amounts were excreted than would be predicted.8. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, and the nature of additional precursors of urinary aromatic acids excreted by sheep given mature herbages are considered.9. Urinary excretion of phenylacetic acid varied with diet in a manner which closely followed the intake of apparently digestible nitrogen. A highly significant (P < 0.001) exponential relationship was found between these two variables; it was log10 E = 0.05 N –0.63, where E is the urinary phenylacetic acid output (g/kg food) and N the intake of apparently digestible nitrogen (g/kg food).

Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

Nutritive evaluation of two strains of mature subterranean clover

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume ◽  
M Somers ◽  
NR McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the in vivo and in vitro digestibility of leguminous herbage was examined. Further studies were made using in vivo-in vitro digestibility estimations to compare the nutritive value to sheep of two strains (Yarloop and Woogenellup) of subterranean clover. The digestibilities of the main component parts (viz. stem, petiole, leaf, and burr) of the plants of each strain were also estimated in vitro. Digestibility differences between strains and between parts were examined on the basis of the chemical composition of their dry matter. Woogenellup was significantly more digestible than Yarloop, both in vivo and in vitro. Voluntary intake of Woogenellup was also significantly greater than that of Yarloop. The in vitro digestibility of stem did not differ significantly from that of petiole. Nor did the digestibility of leaf differ significantly from that of burr. However, the digestibility of stem and petiole together was greater than that of leaf and burr together. These findings are discussed in relation to their possible biological significance.

The relationship between voluntary intake and mean apparent retention time in the rumen

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
DJ Minson
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between mean apparent retention time of dry matter in the reticulorumen (RD, hr) and the daily voluntary dry matter intake (ID, g/day) of six dried panicum diets was determined on sheep which were offered fresh feed every hour. RD was measured by emptying the reticulorumen via a large rumen fistula. ID for the six diets by the sheep with fistulae was slightly higher than, and correlated (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) with, that previously found when the same diets were offered to intact sheep. ID varied from 659 to 1355 g/day and RD from 13.3 to 27.1 hr. These two factors were inversely related:

The use of the rumen degradation characteristics of hay as predictors of its voluntary intake by sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
S. Lopez ◽  
J. S. Gonzalez ◽  
F. J. Ovejero
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Degradation Characteristic ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Variance Explained

ABSTRACTEleven sun-cured hays with crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations ranging from 57 to 207 and 428 to 744 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively, were used to study the relationship between the DM and NDF degradation characteristics and the voluntary DM intake (VDMI) by sheep.The VDMI was measured in the last 10 days of a 21-day period using 50 mature ewes in five groups of 10 ewes per group, with a mean live weight (LAY) of 55 kg and ranged from 41·2 to 69·8 g/day per kg LW075. Disappearanc e rates of DM and NDF were measured by incubating samples in nylon bags in the rumens of three hay-fed rumen-cannulated ewes for 3, 6, 9, 15, 24, 48 and 72 h and by fitting the exponential model Y = a + b (1 — e-ct) to the results. Potential degradabilities (defined as a + b) for DM and NDF ranged from 679 to 868 and from 445 to 808 g/kg respectively.The VDMI was significantly correlated with the soluble fraction of DM (aDM; P < 0·05) and the rate of degradation of DM (cDM; P < 0·01) and NDF (cNDF; P < 0·01). The inclusion of aDM and cDM ni a multiple regression model resulted in the equation: VDMI = 21·3 + 0·0733 (s.e. 0·01577) aDM + 138 (s.e. 26·0) cDM (R2 = 0·897; residual s.d. = 2·79), with a significant increase of the variance explained by one single degradation characteristic (P < 0·05). The prediction was not improved by adding the constant cNDF to the equation (P > 0·05). These results indicate the possibility of predicting the VDMI of hays by sheep from the rumen soluble fraction (aDM) and the rate of degradation (cDM) of DM.

The voluntary intake and utilization of roughage–concentrate diets by sheep. 2. Barley and soya bean meal supplementation of hay diets

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crabtree ◽  
G. L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThree levels of soya bean meal (0%, 25% and 50% of the intake of hay dry matter) combined with three levels of pelleted barley (0%, 50% and 100% of the intake of hay dry matter) in a factorial arrangement of treatments were offered to Welsh Mountain ewe lambs receiving hay ad libitum for 14 weeks.When barley was not given, soya bean meal added at 25% of the hay intake increased hay voluntary intake from 287 g/day to 412 g/day but hay intake was depressed to 339 g/day by a further increase in the level of soya bean meal. When barley was given, soya bean meal did not affect hay intake. With one exception, an increase in barley reduced hay intake, with the result that there were no differences between treatments in the digestible energy intakes of lambs receiving barley at each level of soya bean meal. In general, it was found that an increase in the concentrate allowance (barley + soya bean) reduced hay intake, whereas an increase in the crude protein content of the concentrate increased hay intake. The relationship between live-weight change, metabolizable energy intake and live weight was examined by regression analysis. Although live weight and voluntary intake were unrelated at the start of the experiment, a positive relationship emerged as the experiment progressed.

scholarly journals The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 1. The metabolism of quinic, cyclohexanecarboxylic and non-phenolic aromatic acids to benzoic acid

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Phenylpropionic Acid ◽  
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid

1. The contribution of dietary constituents to the large urinary output of benzoic acid characteristic of ruminants and some herbivores is not well understood.2. Methods for the analysis of quinic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, benzoic, phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropionic and cinnamic acids in urine and in rumen fluids were developed.3. The urinary output of aromatic acids by sheep given seven rations was determined: benzoic acid output varied between 2·8 and 7·8 g/d; phenylacetic acid output between 0·16 and 1·3 g/d; cinnamic acid between 0·08 and 0·25 g/d and small amounts of 3-phenylpropionic acid were found in some samples.4. Increments in urinary aromatic acid excretion were determined when the acids listed in paragraph 2 were infused via rumen or abomasal cannulas.5. When cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was infused 40% of the dose was excreted as urinary benzoic acid after either route of infusion. Quinic acid was completely metabolized in the rumen: following rumen infusion between 16 and 53% of the infused acid was recovered as urinary benzoic acid; none was so recovered after abomasal infusion.6. Urinary recoveries of rumen- and abomasally-infused aromatic acids were: benzoic acid 90 and 88% respectively as benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid 78 and 83% respectively as phenylacetic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid 96 and 105% respectively as benzoic acid and cinnamic acid, 70 and 70% respectively as benzoic acid.7. The concentration of aromatic acids in rumen fluid varied with time after feeding: cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was maximal (7 mg/l) 1 h after feeding, benzoic acid was always a minor component (0·5 ± 0·5 mg/l), phenylacetic acid varied between 0 and 35 mg/1 and 3-phenylpropionic acid between 25 and 47 mg/l. Cinnamic acid was not found in rumen fluid but on rumen infusion of this acid the concentration of 3-phenylpropionic acid in rumen fluid increased by 10 mg/l rumen fluid per g infused per d.8. The incomplete metabolism of quinic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids to urinary benzoic acid is discussed. It is concluded that the principal dietary precursors of urinary benzoic acid in ruminants are compounds yielding 3-phenylpropionic acid on microbial fermentation in the rumen. The small amount of cinnamic acid characteristic of ruminant urine arises as an intermediate in the β-oxidation of 3-phenylpropionic acid in the body tissues.

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