scholarly journals Dynamics of protozoa in the rumen of sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Fluid Medium

1. Protozoa were labelled by incubating 100 ml rumen fluid with [14C]choline for 1 h. The protozoa were concentrated by centrifugation and then washed with rumen fluid. This reduced residual14C in the fluid medium to insignificant amounts whilestill retaining the viability of the labelled protozoa. Washing procedures using formal saline (40 g formaldehyde/1 saline (9 g sodium chloride/1)) and saline were developed to isolate protozoa for estimation of specific radioactivity.2. The protozoal pool in freshly-collected rumen fluid incubated in vitro retained 90%of the radioactivity for up to 6 h following addition of14C-I a belled protozoa produced as indicated previously. The specific radioactivity of protozoa did not change during the incubation period.3. Protozoa labelled with [14C]choline and then stored until they died rapidly lost14C to methane when they were incubated in rumen fluid or were injected into the rumen. Some [14C]choline was salvaged under these conditions by the live protozoa present as they apparently incorporated up to 13% of the label from the dead protozoa. However, protozoal debris from the injected solution could also have been present in the isolated protozoa.4. The in vitro results suggested that the protozoal preparations were viable, and that the incorporated choline did not have a turnover in excess of the turnover of nitrogen (i.e. specific radioactivity remained constant with time in vitro) suggesting that the dilution of specific radioactivity of protozoa following mixing of a14C-labelled dose of protozoa represented the rate of irreversible loss and also replacement of protozoa in the rumen.5.14C-labelled protozoa had a half-life in the rumen which was greater than that of rumen fluid and in six animals the protozoal replacement rate was l-4·l mg N/min.6. Losses of14C from labelled protozoa in the rumen in methane or via abomasal digesta were 65 and 35% respectively.7. The results suggest that protozoal growth may be as high as 32% of the total microbial protein synthesis in the rumen but that 65% of the protozoa die and are degraded in the rumen.

scholarly journals Produk Fermentasi Rumen dan Produksi Protein Mikroba Sapi Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Jerami Amoniasi dan Beberapa Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novita Hindratiningrum ◽  
Muhamad Bata ◽  
Setya Agus Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Products of rumen fermentation and protein microbial of dairy cattle feed with rice bran ammonization and some feedstuffs as an energy sourcesABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the energy sources of feed ingredients that can increase the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH3, microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and metabolic energy. The material used is as a source of rumen fluid inoculum from Frisian Holstein cows (FH) females, amoniasi rice straw, salt, mineral mix brand "Ultra Minerals' production Eka Farma Semarang, onggok wet and dry, corn, and rice bran. Observed variable is the concentration of (VFA), N-NH3, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and total gas production. Based on the analysis of diversity seen any significant effect (P0.05) on total VFA concentration, N-NH3 and total gas but had no effect (P0.05) on microbial protein synthesis. Conclusion of research is the provision of energy sources with rice bran treatment, onggok wet and dry corn flour can be used as fermentable carbohydrates on feed hay amoniasi in vitro.

scholarly journals PENGARUH DAUN TURI (Sesbania grandiflora) DAN LAMTORO (Leucaena leucocephala) DALAM RANSUM SAPI BERBASIS INDEKS SINKRONISASI PROTEIN - ENERGI TERHADAP SINTESIS PROTEIN MIKROBA RUMEN

Pastura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Afduha Nurus Syamsi ◽  
Fransisca Maria Suhartati ◽  
Wardhana Suryapratama
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sesbania Grandiflora ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Better Than

An experiment was aimed to assess the use of the legume leaf as a source of protein feedstuff and levels of synchronization protein-energy (SPE) index in the diet of cattles on ammonia (N-NH3) and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). In vitro techniques was done. The research was used a completely randomized design (CRD), with factorially pattern (2x3), the first factor was the two species of legume (Sesbania leaves and Leucaena leaves) and the second factor was the three level of the SPE index (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6), there were 6 treatment combinations and each was 4 replicates. The results showed that no interaction between legume with SPE index, but each factor was significantly effect (P<0.05) on N-NH3 of rumen fluid and MPS. The research concluded that Leucaena leaf is a legume that is better than Sesbania leaf in terms of their ability toincrease MPS. SPE index is the best in producing MPS at level 0.6. Key words: Legume, synchronization of protein and energy index, ammonia, microbial protein synthesis

scholarly journals Rumen protein degradation and biosynthesis

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Raab ◽  
B. Cafantaris ◽  
T. Jilg ◽  
K. H. Menke
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

1. A method is described for the determination of protein degradation based on measurements of ammonia concentration and gas production (Menke et al. 1979) when a feedingstuff was incubated with rumen fluid in vitro.2. NH3 liberated during incubation is in part used for microbial protein synthesis. Production of carbon dioxide and methane can be regarded as a measure of energy available for protein synthesis. The ratio, gas production: incorporation of NH3-nitrogen was estimated by addition of starch to the substrate. The response in gas production was linear in the range 0–200 mg starch, when starch was added to 0–200mg feedingstuff dry matter and 30 ml rumen fluid-medium mixture.3. Linear regression between NH3-N concentration (y, mg) and gas production (x, ml) yielded an intercept (b0) representing that amountof NH3-N which would be released when no fermentable carbohydrates were available and consequently no bacterial protein synthesis took place.4. The difference between this intercept b0 and NH3-N content in the blank (rumen fluid without substrate added) indicated the amount of NH3 liberated from protein and other N-containing compounds of the feedingstuff incubated. In vitro-degradable N (IVDN) was calculated as a proportion of total N by the equation:

Effect of microbial isolates on microbial yield estimation in RUSITEC system

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 306-308
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Culture System ◽  
The One

The estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis is one of the main points in the nitrogen (N)-rationing systems for ruminants, as microbial protein provides proportionately 0.4 to 0.9 of amino acids entering the small intestine in ruminants receiving conventional diets (Russell et al., 1992). Methods of estimating microbial protein synthesis rely on marker techniques in which a particular microbial constituent is related to the microbial N content. Marker : N values have generally been established in mixed bacteria isolated from the liquid fraction of rumen digesta and it has been assumed that the same relationship holds in the total population leaving the rumen (Merry and McAllan, 1983). However, several studies have demonstrated differences in composition between solid-associated (SAB) and fluid-associated bacteria in vivo (Legay-Carmier and Bauchart, 1989) and in vitro (Molina Alcaide et al, 1996), as well in marker : N values (Pérez et al., 1996). This problem could be more pronounced in the in vitro semi-continuous culture system RUSITEC, in which there are three well defined components (a free liquid phase, a liquid phase associated with the solid phase and a solid phase), each one having associated microbial populations.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates (BI) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977), using (15NH4)2 SO4 as microbial marker, and to assess what effects any differences would have on the comparison of microbial protein synthesis between diets.This study was conducted in conjunction with an in vitro experiment described by Carro and Miller (1997). Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977). The general incubation procedure was the one described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) and more details about the procedures of this experiment are given elsewhere (Carro and Miller, 1997).

scholarly journals Penambahan Molases Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Amoniasi Jerami Padi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Produk Fermentasi Rumen Secara In-Vitro

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Muhamad Bata ◽  
Nur Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Orthogonal Polynomial ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Variance Analysis

Supplementation of molasses to improve the quality of rice straw ammonization and its effect on fermentation product in-vitroABSTRACT. Aimed of this research was to find out the optimal level of molasses addition at straw rice ammonization process to N-NH3 production, VFA and microbe protein synthesis. Material used was rumen fluid of fistula cattle, rice straw, water, urea and molasses. Treatment tried was level of molasses addition 0%, 15% and 30% on rice straw which given urea. Research was carried out by experimental method as in vitro, was conducted use completely randomized design. Variable measured were N-NH3, VFA and microbe protein synthesis. Intake data entered in data tabulation and analyzed variance then continued by orthogonal polynomial test. Research result after ammonization indicated that acidity level and concentration of released NH3 decrease parallel with addition of molasses level, and also increase the nutrient content which was crude protein increase and crude fiber decrease. Variance analysis and Test of orthogonal polynomial result indicated that treatment of molasses addition have highly significant effect (P0.01) and linier respond to concentration of released NH3 after ammonization. Research result as in vitro indicated concentration N-NH3 and VFA total decrease while microbe protein synthesis increase. Variance analysis result indicated that molasses addition treatment at straw rice ammonization process have highly significant (P 0.01) on concentration of N-NH3, VFA total and Microbe Protein Synthesis. Test of orthogonal polynomial for molasses addition at straw rice ammonization process indicated linier respond on concentration of NH3 N-NH3 and VFA total, but microbe protein synthesis quadratic had respond (P 0,01) white regression equation Y= 52.187-1.089222X + 0.11X2 (r2) 87.27 and (r) 0.9341. Research result could conclude that molasses addition up to level 30% able to improve quality of straw rice ammonization process by NH3 fixation so that increase nutrient ingredient, decrease NH3 that lost to atmosphere, improve utilization of N-NH3 and VFA and also increase microbe protein synthesis.

Soluble Rumen Liquor Lignin Hemicellulose: Composition and Influence on In Vitro Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Williams ◽  
G. A. McLaren ◽  
T. R. Smith ◽  
G. C. Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Variation in the in vitro hydrolytic activity of rumen and faecal inocula

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 166-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Afdal ◽  
F.L. Mould ◽  
C. Rymer ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Evaluation Systems

Considerable efforts have been made regarding the use of faecal material to provide a microbial inoculum for in vitro feed evaluation systems. However total gas production, rate of gas release and the extent of degradation of feeds incubated using faecal inoculum are lower than those incubated in a rumen fluid medium. It has been suggested that this is due to lower microbial activity, a consequence of the different microflora and reduced microbial numbers (e.g. Mauricio, 1999). Microbial populations are dynamic so, as their enzyme activity profiles change rapidly, little information is obtained from examining these. However, their hydrolytic activity as reflected by their ability to degrade specific substrates can be simply measured and provides a potential method with which to assess the quality of inocula with respect to their use in in vitro systems. The data presented here are from a larger study in which the differences between the hydrolytic activity of faecal material and rumen contents as influenced by the time of sampling were assessed in vitro.

Influence of ammonia concentration on [15N]ammonia uptake andde novosynthesis of different amino acids by mixed rumen microorganisms from the sheep rumenin vitro

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 212-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Atasoglu ◽  
C.J. Newbold ◽  
R.J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Ammonia Uptake

Ammonia is thought to be the main source of nitrogen for protein synthesis by the rumen microorganisms, but peptides and amino acids derived from protein degradation are also incorporated into microbial protein. Recent experiments carried out by Atasogluet al.(1998) demonstrated that preformed amino acids decrease the uptake of ammonia into microbial protein and microbial amino acids in a concentration-dependent manner. However, little is known about how rumen ammonia concentrations affect ammonia uptake into microbial protein. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of rumen ammonia concentrations on ammonia incorporation andde novosynthesis of individual amino acids by the mixed rumen microorganismsin vitro.

scholarly journals Effects of insulin in vitro on protein turnover in rat epitrochlearis muscle

1983 ◽  
Vol 210 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
W S Stirewalt ◽  
R B Low
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Physiological Concentration ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
The Third

Rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured in the isolated rat epitrochlearis muscle by radiotracer techniques, by using the specific radioactivity of tRNA-bound amino acid as precursor for protein synthesis. The tissue maintained linear rates of protein synthesis for 3 h of incubation in the presence of amino acids and glucose and in the absence of insulin. Under these conditions, however, the muscles were in negative nitrogen balance, with rates of protein degradation exceeding rates of protein synthesis. Under steady-state conditions of labelling, the specific radioactivities of tRNA-bound leucine, phenylalanine and valine were significantly less than their respective values in the incubation medium, at concentrations in the medium varying from 1 to 10 times those in normal rat serum. Insulin caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in tRNA-based protein synthesis rates, more than doubling rates at 5 and 50 ng of insulin/ml. At the lower, physiological, concentration of insulin, the stimulation of protein synthesis was not observed until the third hour of incubation with the hormone, whereas the rate of protein synthesis at the higher concentration was elevated during the second hour. There were no delays in the stimulation by insulin of glucose conversion into glycogen. The delayed stimulatory effects of insulin on the rate of protein synthesis brought the tissue to a nitrogen balance near zero. The presence of the hormone also prevented the increase in the rate of protein degradation seen in the third hour of incubation in the absence of the hormone. These studies demonstrate the viability of the incubated rat epitrochlearis muscle with respect to protein metabolism and sensitivity to the protein anabolic effects of physiological concentrations of insulin, and indicate that the preparation is a suitable experimental model for the study of the control of protein metabolism in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.

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