scholarly journals The effects of the gut microflora and dietary fibre on energy utilization by the chick

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Hegde ◽  
B. A. Rolls ◽  
Marie E. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Germ Free

1. Groups of adult colostimized chickens were given diets with and without dietary fibre in the form of bagasse or wheat straw. The fibrous materials were analysed for their contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The digestible energies (DE) and metabolizable energies (ME) of these diets were measured by a balance method.2. Groups of germ-free and conventional chicks aged 4 weeks were given diets with and without penicillin or with and without graded levels of wheat straw as a source of fibre and the ME of these diets were determined.3. The incorporation of the forms of dietary fibre tested reduced the DE and the ME of the diets in adult conventional chickens and the ME in young germ-free and conventional chicks. Both DE and ME were reduced in proportions that suggested that the dietary fibre present was acting largely as an inactive diluent of the dietary energy and was not affecting the absorption of other nutrients. In the young germ-free and conventional chicks, there was a linear relationship between the proportion of wheat straw in one diet and the reduction in me.4. Dietary penicillin did not alter the ME of the diet in either the germ-free or the conventional environments.5. The reduction of ME with incorporation of wheat straw was less in conventional than in germ-free chicks. It is suggested that this may be due to the ability of chicks with a gut flora to obtain a small amount of energy from wheat straw.

scholarly journals Modification of energy metabolism by the presence of the gut microflora in the chicken

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Muramatsu ◽  
S. Nakajima ◽  
J. Okumura
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Single Comb

Whether the association with gut microflora modifies the energy metabolism of chickens was investigated by varying the metabolizable energy consumption level from zero to above the maintenance requirement in the germ-free and conventional states. Single comb White Leghorn chicks were either fasted for 3 d (Expt 1), or fed for 6 d at a fixed daily meal intake of 2, 5 or 8 g/d (Expt 2), or 5, 10 or 15 g/d (Expt 3). Changes in carcass energy deposition and heat production indicated that when no dietary energy was available the presence of the gut microflora could benefit the birds by reducing energy losses, whereas when dietary energy was supplied the efficiency of energy utilization was reduced by the presence of the gut microflora. It was concluded, therefore, that the heavy burden of the gut microflora modifies energy metabolism by exerting a buffering or a counter-productive action on the energy utilization of the chicken.

Studies on the effect of the gut microflora on dietary nitrogen digestibility in pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 59-59
Author(s):  
B. Ratcliffe ◽  
A.G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Miniature Pigs ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
Dietary Origin

Proteins which escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine of the pig are extensively metabolized by the microbial flora of the large intestine. It is known that bacterial enzymes are potentially capable of catabolizing all amino acids (Michel, 1966). Furthermore, it has been shown that virtually all soluble protein or amino acids introduced into the caecum are rapidly metabolized, absorbed (presumably as ammonia, amines etc.) and the nitrogen (N) derived from them is rapidly excreted as urea (Zebrowska, 1973). This has led to the general recognition that the amino acid composition is not a reliable measure of undigested dietary amino acids in pigs. It has been estimated that only 6% of faecal N is of undigested dietary origin, while the remainder is of bacterial or endogenous origin (Low, Sambrook & Yoshimoto, 1978). It was therefore of interest to estimate which proportions of faecal N derived from a barley-soya diet, are of either bacterial, endogenous or undigested dietary origin. We have used germ-free or conventional miniature pigs for this work because they are small enough to be kept in our isolators for periods of up to 20 weeks. It is emphasised that this is a preliminary report on our first efforts at raising miniature pigs under germ-free conditions.

The utilization of plain sugar beet pulp and wheat straw by pregnant sows

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 29-29
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
W. H. Close ◽  
C. E. Sharpe ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
High Level ◽  
Potential Use

There is a considerable current interest in the feeding of high fibre diets to pregnant sows, with a view to gaining both economic and welfare advantages. The potential use of these diets will depend on the extent to which the fibrous materials are fermened in the hindgut, and the subsequent capacity of the products of the fermentation, that is VFAs, to meet the energy needs of the animal. Sugar beet pulp and wheat straw are two ingredients that have considerable potential as feed ingredients for sows. The present experiment was designed to study the extent to which diets containing high level of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), largely from plain sugar beet pulp (SBP) or wheat straw (WS), influenced nutrient partition and the efficiency of ntrient utilisation in pregnant sows.

scholarly journals Energy Utilization Potential of Wheat Straw in an Ecological Balance—A Case Study of Henan Province in China

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyu Zhichen ◽  
Zhu Xuantong
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
Straw Retention ◽  
Utilization Potential ◽  
Minimum Medium

Minimum volume of straw should be retained in collecting wheat straw in order to obtain sustainable agricultural biomass energy and measure the energy utilization potential of wheat straw when considering ecological balance. Based on relevant literature, this paper calculates the minimum, medium, and maximum volume of wheat straw retention in various types of soil and designs three different scenarios of minimum, medium, and maximum wheat straw retention. Taking Henan province in China as a case, this paper calculates the potential of wheat straw for energy utilization using linear regression method and scenario analysis, with consideration of influencing factors such as the harvest coefficient and combustion ratio of wheat straw. The results show that the energy utilization potential of wheat straw in Henan province in 2020, 2030, 2050 are 13.77, 16.48, 22.54 million tons of coal equivalent (TCEs), respectively, in the minimum retention scenario, assuming that wheat straw is not directly used for combustion. Excessive straw left in the field causes resource waste and produces CH4 and other greenhouse gases. This paper finds that energy potential of wheat straw for energy utilization is limited when ecological balance is considered, however, it is beneficial to the sustainable development of crop biomass energy.

Ascorbic acid catabolism by gut microflora: studies in germ-free and conventional guinea pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 634-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Cobb ◽  
Betty A. Holloway ◽  
Jerry M. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Germ Free

scholarly journals Dietary energy density and its association with the nutritional quality of the diet of children and teenagers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura O'Connor ◽  
Janette Walton ◽  
Albert Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Dietary Energy Density ◽  
Food Intake Patterns

AbstractTo examine the relationship between dietary energy density (DED) and the nutritional quality of the diet, using data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) and the National Teens' Food Survey (NTFS), two cross-sectional studies of food consumption were carried out between 2003 and 2006. Data from the NCFS and NTFS were used to examine the intakes of nutrients and foods among those with low- (NCFS <7·56, NTFS <7·65 kJ/g), medium- (NCFS 7·56–8·75, NTFS 7·66–8·85 kJ/g) and high-energy-dense diets (NCFS >8·75, NTFS >8·85 kJ/g). A 7-d food diary was used to collect food intake data from children (n 594) and teenagers (n 441). DED (kJ/g) was calculated including food alone and excluding beverages. Participants with lower DED consumed more food (weight) but not more energy. They also consumed less fat and added sugars and more protein, carbohydrates, starch and dietary fibre and had higher intakes of micronutrients. Participants with lower DED had food intake patterns that adhered more closely to food-based dietary guidelines. Low DED was associated with multiple individual indicators of a better nutritional quality of the diet, including higher intakes of dietary fibre and micronutrients and a generally better balance of macronutrients, as well as being associated with food intake patterns that were closer to healthy eating guidelines. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that a low DED may be an indicator of a better nutritional quality of the diet.

Mechanisms of primary cancer prevention by butyrate and other products formed during gut flora-mediated fermentation of dietary fibre

2009 ◽  
Vol 682 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Scharlau ◽  
Anke Borowicki ◽  
Nina Habermann ◽  
Thomas Hofmann ◽  
Stefanie Klenow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Primary Cancer ◽  
Gut Flora

scholarly journals The influence of shade allocation or total shade plus overhead fan on growth performance, efficiency of dietary energy utilization, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle under tropical ambient conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1041
Author(s):  
Beatriz I. Castro-Pérez ◽  
Alfredo Estrada-Angulo ◽  
Francisco G. Ríos-Rincón ◽  
Víctor H. Núñez-Benítez ◽  
Carlos R. Rivera-Méndez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Quadratic Effect

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of shade allocation and shade plus fan on growth performance, dietary energy utilization and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle under tropical ambient conditionsMethods: Two trials were conducted, involving a total of 1,560 young bulls (289±22 kg BW) assigned to 24 pens (65 bulls/pen and 6 pens/treatment). Pens were 585 m<sup>2</sup> with 15 m fence line feed bunks. Shade treatments (m<sup>2</sup> shade/animal) were: i) limited shade (LS) to 1.2 m<sup>2</sup>shade/animal (LS<sub>1.2</sub>); ii) limited shade to 2.4 m<sup>2</sup> shade/animal (LS<sub>2.4</sub>); iii) total shade (TS) which correspond to 9 m<sup>2</sup>/animal, and iv) total shade equipped with fans (TS+F). Trials lasted 158 and 183 days. In both studies, the average weekly maximum temperature exceeded 34°C.Results: Increasing shade allocation tended (p = 0.08) to linearly increases average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI, quadratic effect, p = 0.03). This effect was most apparent between LS<sub>1.2</sub> and LS<sub>2.4</sub>. Shade allocation, per se, did not affect gain efficiency or estimated dietary net energy (NE). Compared with TS, TS+F increased (p<0.05) ADG, gain efficiency, and tended (p = 0.06) to increase dietary NE. There was a quadratic effect of shade on <i>longissimus</i> area and marbling score, with values being lower (p<0.01) for LS<sub>2.4</sub> than for LS<sub>1.2</sub> or TS. Likewise, marbling score was lower for TS+F than for TS. Percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart (KPH) linearly decreased with increasing shade. In contrast, KPH was greater for TS than for TS+F.Conclusion: Providing more than 2.4 m<sup>2</sup> shade/animal will not further enhance feedlot performance. The use of fans in combination with shade increases ADG and gain efficiency beyond that of shade, alone. These enhancements were not associated with increased DMI, but rather, to an amelioration of ambient temperature humidity index on maintenance energy requirement.

The effect of dietary energy concentration and lysine/digestible energy ratio on growth performance and nitrogen deposition of young hybrid pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Van Lunen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary lysine/digestible energy (DE) ratio (g/MJ) and dietary energy concentration on growth performance and body composition of young hybrid gilts from 9·1 to 25·4 kg live weight. Seven pigs were assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments consisting of lysine/DE ratios from 0·6 to 1·4 in 0·2 g/MJ increments and two DE concentrations (14·25 and 16·40 MJ/kg). Food was provided ad libitum and at 25·4 kg all pigs were slaughtered and body composition was determined. Responses to lysine/DE ratios were different for each DE concentration. The pigs given the 16·40 MJ/kg DE diets had a higher daily live-weight gain (DLWG) and nitrogen deposition rate (NDR) than those given the 14·25 MJ/kg diets up to the 1·2 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio. Beyond this point no DE effects were evident. Lipid deposition rate (LDR) was higher for all 16·40 MJ/kg diets as compared with the 14·25 MJ/kg diets and decreased with increasing lysine/DE ratio. The 14·25 MJ/kg diets resulted in increasing efficiency of nitrogen and gross energy utilization with increasing lysinel DE ratio up to the 1·0 g/MJ ratio after which it declined. Efficiency of lipid utilization decreased with increasing lysine/DE ratio for all 14·25 MJ/kg diets. The 16·40 MJ/kg diets resulted in a decrease in nitrogen and gross energy utilization efficiency with increasing lysine/DE ratio while lipid efficiency decreased up to the 1·0 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio after which it increased. Young hybrid pigs given high energy diets appear to be less sensitive to dietary lysine/DE ratio than those given lower energy diets. The optimum lysine/DE ratio for the genotype tested from 9 to 25 kg live weight was of the order of 1·2 g/MJ for both DE concentrations. The maximum DLWG and NDR of the genotype tested over the live-weight range of 9 to 25 kg appears to be of the order of 620 and 17 g/day (106 g/day protein deposition rate) respectively.

1429 Effects of feeding alfalfa stemlage or wheat straw for dietary energy dilution on growth performance and sorting behaviors of Holstein dairy heifers

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 693-693
Author(s):  
H. Su ◽  
N. M. Esser ◽  
W. K. Coblentz ◽  
K. F. Kalscheur ◽  
R. D. Hatfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dairy Heifers
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