scholarly journals A possible control of food intake during pregnancy in the rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Morgan ◽  
Myron Winick
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serotonin Content ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rat ◽  
Norepinephrine Content ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
In Pregnancy

1. Brain hypothalamic concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine have been implicated in the control of food intake. During pregnancy and lactation a rat dam's food consumption is increased and so a study was performed to ascertain whether this was associated with changes in the hypothalamic content of serotonin and norepinephrine.2. In the first experiment, forty-eight Sprague Dawley rat dams were given a diet containing 250 g casein/kg adlib. After 2 weeks, eight were killed and their hypothalamic analysed for the previously-mentioned neurotransmitters. The rest were mated and continued on the diet. On each of days 7, 14 and 20 of gestation, day 14 of lactation and 2 weeks after weaning of their pups a further eight dams were killed and their hypothalami assayed as described previously. Food intake was monitored throughout the experimental period.3. The increased food intake of the dams during gestation and lactation increased to the same extent as elevations in hypothalamic norepinephrine content and depressions in serotonin content. After lactation food intake returned to pre-pregnancy levels as did the hypothalamic levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.4. By using the same experimental design but limiting the increase in food intake in pregnancy and lactation to half the expected amount the same changes were found in hypothalamic norepinephrine and serotonin contents.5. The possibility of hypothalamic neurotransmitter contents controlling food intake is discussed.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION OF LACTATING RATS NURSING VARIOUS SIZES OF LITTERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ÔTA ◽  
A. YOKOYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARY Changes in body weight and food consumption during lactation in rats nursing various sizes of litters were studied. The rate of increase in body weight of the mother rats during the experimental period (day 3–14 of lactation) was very similar in mothers with different numbers (2, 4, 8 and 12) of suckling pups/litter. It is suggested that the weight increase of adult female rats during lactation is related more closely to the alteration of ovarian function caused by the suckling stimulus than to the enhanced food intake during this period. Both the food intake of mother rats and the daily gain in weight of litters increased as the number of suckling pups/litter increased and as lactation advanced. Linear relationships were observed between the logarithm of the litter size and both the food intake of the mother rats and the weight gain of the litters. The presence of a close correlation between the food intake of mother rats and the quantity of milk produced by them is suggested.

Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the rat mammary gland in pregnancy and lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. E1077-E1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rakopoulos ◽  
S. J. Vargas ◽  
M. T. Gillespie ◽  
P. W. Ho ◽  
H. Diefenbach-Jagger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
In Pregnancy

Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the rat mammary gland in pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Endocrinol. Metab. 26): E1077-E1085, 1992.--Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by the mammary gland of Sprague-Dawley rats has been examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect PTHrP and PTHrP mRNA, respectively. PTHrP and PTHrP mRNA could be demonstrated in nests of epithelial cells of the developing mammary gland at day 14 of pregnancy and in the epithelial secretory cells lining the alveoli during the latter stages of pregnancy and during lactation. A specific radioimmunoassay was also used to measure the concentration of PTHrP secreted in the milk throughout lactation. The concentration of PTHrP in milk was relatively low initially but increased during the latter stages of lactation, whereas calcium concentrations remained virtually constant throughout lactation. No correlation was found between the concentrations of calcium and PTHrP in rat milk. These results show that PTHrP is present in rat milk and also in mammary tissue before parturition, and therefore it may assist in the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION OF LACTATING RATS: EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY AND OF ARREST AND RESUMPTION OF SUCKLING

1967 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ÔTA ◽  
A. YOKOYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY In order to assess the role of the suckling stimulus in the regulatory mechanism of body weight and food consumption of lactating rats, changes in body weight and food intake under various conditions were investigated. The results of the changes in food intake during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and after weaning were consistent with those reported by previous workers. The rate of increase in body weight was similar during dioestrus, early pregnancy, early lactation and after ovariectomy. Food consumption of mother rats was maintained at the lactating level for 24 hr. after the removal of suckling pups on the 12th day of lactation, then it rapidly decreased. Resumption of suckling by foster litters, 5 days after removal of the original litters, caused increase in body weight and food intake as well as the restoration of lactation in both normal and ovariectomized animals. The rate of increase in body weight arising from the resumption of suckling was similar to that observed in the ovariectomized rats that were not resuckled after removal of the litters. The increase in body weight in the resuckled rats was not necessarily associated with the enhanced food intake. In spite of vigorous suckling by pups, food intake of the resuckled animals did not show a progressive increase as in normal lactating mothers until the function of mammary glands was restored and sufficient milk was produced to increase the weight of the foster litters. After restoration of lactation food consumption of the resuckled mothers increased progressively, the increase being closely related to increased milk secretion. The greater food intake in the resuckled rats than in the non-resuckled animals, even before restoration of milk secretion, seems to indicate a direct stimulating effect of the suckling stimulus on appetite; consumption of energy associated with milk secretion is also considered to be one of the main factors in inducing the enhanced food intake in lactating rats. A further possibility that the suckling stimulus participates in the regulation of body weight and food consumption in lactating animals by changing the ovarian function is discussed.

scholarly journals Whether AICAR in Pregnancy or Lactation Prevents Hypertension Programmed by High Saturated Fat Diet: A Pilot Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Long Tsai ◽  
Chien-Ning Hsu ◽  
You-Lin Tain
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
In Pregnancy

High consumption of saturated fats links to the development of hypertension. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a nutrient-sensing signal, is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We examined whether early intervention with a direct AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) during pregnancy or lactation can protect adult male offspring against hypertension programmed by high saturated fat consumption via regulation of nutrient sensing signals, nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and oxidative stress. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received regular chow or high saturated fat diet (HFD) throughout pregnancy and lactation. AICAR treatment was introduced by intraperitoneal injection at 50 mg/kg twice a day for 3 weeks throughout the pregnancy period (AICAR/P) or lactation period (AICAR/L). Male offspring (n = 7–8/group) were assigned to five groups: control, HFD, AICAR/P, HFD + AICAR/L, and HFD + AICAR/P. Male offspring were killed at 16 weeks of age. HFD caused hypertension and obesity in male adult offspring, which could be prevented by AICAR therapy used either during pregnancy or lactation. As a result, we demonstrated that HFD downregulated AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in offspring kidneys. In contrast, AICAR therapy in pregnancy and, to a greater extent, in lactation activated AMPK signaling pathway. The beneficial effects of AICAR therapy in pregnancy is related to restoration of NO pathway. While AICAR uses in pregnancy and lactation both diminished oxidative stress induced by HFD. Our results highlighted that pharmacological AMPK activation might be a promising strategy to prevent hypertension programmed by excessive consumption of high-fat food.

scholarly journals Early postweaning exercise improves central leptin sensitivity in offspring of rat dams fed high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (9) ◽  
pp. R1076-R1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Sun ◽  
Nu-Chu Liang ◽  
Erin R. Ewald ◽  
Ryan H. Purcell ◽  
Gretha J. Boersma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Maternal high-fat (HF) diet has long-term consequences on the metabolic phenotype of the offspring. Here, we determined the effects of postweaning exercise in offspring of rat dams fed HF diet during gestation and lactation. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on chow or HF diet throughout gestation and lactation. All pups were weaned onto chow diet on postnatal day (PND) 21. At 4 wk of age, male pups were given free access to running wheels (RW) or remained sedentary (SED) for 3 wk, after which all rats remained sedentary, resulting in four groups: CHOW-SED, CHOW-RW, HF-SED, and HF-RW. Male HF offspring gained more body weight by PND7 compared with CHOW pups and maintained this weight difference through the entire experiment. Three weeks of postweaning exercise did not affect body weight gain in either CHOW or HF offspring, but reduced adiposity in HF offspring. Plasma leptin was decreased at the end of the 3-wk running period in HF-RW rats but was not different from HF-SED 9 wk after the exercise period ended. At 14 wk of age, intracerebroventricular injection of leptin suppressed food intake in CHOW-SED, CHOW-RW, and HF-RW, while it did not affect food intake in HF-SED group. At death, HF-RW rats also had higher leptin-induced phospho-STAT3 level in the arcuate nucleus than HF-SED rats. Both maternal HF diet and postweaning exercise had effects on hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor mRNA expression in adult offspring. Our data suggest that postweaning exercise improves central leptin sensitivity and signaling in this model.

Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the rat mammary gland in pregnancy and lactation

2006 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. E1077-E1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rakopoulos ◽  
S. J. Vargas ◽  
M. T. Gillespie ◽  
P. W. Ho ◽  
H. Diefenbach-Jagger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
In Pregnancy

Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the rat mammary gland in pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Endocrinol. Metab. 26): E1077-E1085, 1992.--Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by the mammary gland of Sprague-Dawley rats has been examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect PTHrP and PTHrP mRNA, respectively. PTHrP and PTHrP mRNA could be demonstrated in nests of epithelial cells of the developing mammary gland at day 14 of pregnancy and in the epithelial secretory cells lining the alveoli during the latter stages of pregnancy and during lactation. A specific radioimmunoassay was also used to measure the concentration of PTHrP secreted in the milk throughout lactation. The concentration of PTHrP in milk was relatively low initially but increased during the latter stages of lactation, whereas calcium concentrations remained virtually constant throughout lactation. No correlation was found between the concentrations of calcium and PTHrP in rat milk. These results show that PTHrP is present in rat milk and also in mammary tissue before parturition, and therefore it may assist in the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy.

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