scholarly journals The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Curvilinear Relation ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. From the relation between metabolizable energy (me) intake and heat loss (H), energy retention (ER), protein (P) and fat (F) deposition the energy costs of maintenance (MEm) and the partial efficiencies of energy retention (k) and protein (kp) and fat (kf) retention were determined in growing pigs at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30°.2. k decreased with increase in environmental temperature from 0.79 at 10° to 0.63 at 30° with 0.67 at the thermally-neutral temperature of 25°. Each 0.04 decrease in k was associated with a 100 kJ/kg0.75 per d decrease in mem Analysis, within several ranges of environmental temperature, suggested a curvilinear relation between ER and me intake indicating a decrease in k with increase in level of feeding, particularly at thermally-neutral temperatures.3. Both kp and kf were similar at each environmental temperature and decreased from 0.78 at 10° to 0.63 at 30°. These values are discussed in relation to those predicted from experimentation and it is suggested that the wide range of predicted estimates of kp could be attributed to differences in the rate of protein turnover.

The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
L. E. Mount ◽  
D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. Measurements of energy and nitrogen balances were made on thirty-eight individually housed pigs (initial body-weights 21–38 kg) at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30° with four levels of feeding at each temperature. Values for energy retention (ER), protein (P) and fat (F) deposition and body weight gain (δW) were calculated at each temperature at metabolizable energy (me) intakes equivalent to once (M; 440 kJ/kg0.75 per d), twice (2M), three (3M) and four (4M) times the thermoneutral maintenance energy requirement.2. ER at each plane of nutrition increased with temperature to maximal values between approximately 20 and 25° ER was negative at four of the five environmental temperatures at M.3. P increased significantly with increase in me intake but was dependent on environmental temperatures only at intakes of M and 2M. The increase in P per unit increment in me intake decreased from 0.16 at 10° to 0.12 at 30°. The net efficiency of protein utilization also decreased with increase in environmental temperature from 0.54 at 10° to 0.39 at 30°.4. F increased significantly with increase in me intake, but was more temperature-dependent than P, increasing to maximum values estimated to be between 20 and 25° at each level of intake; F at 30° was less than that at 25°. The increase in F per unit increment in me intake decreased from 0.63 at 10° to 0.51 at 30°.5. The optimum temperature for ΔW was dependent upon me intake, varying from above 30° at M to less than 20° at 4M. The reduction in ΔW per 1° at 15° was also dependent upon the level of intake decreasing from 1.63 g/kg0.75 per d at M to -0.09 at 4M.6. For a 35 kg pig the reduction in P, as a result of a 1° decrease in temperature at 15° at an intake corresponding to 2.5M, was equivalent to a 4 g/d reduction in food intake; the corresponding equivalent for F was 28 g/d.

scholarly journals The rate of heat loss during fasting in the growing pig

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
L. E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

1. The heat loss for individual growing pigs, whose initial body-weight was 25–40 kg, was measured continuously for periods of 14 or 21 d when they were maintained at an environmental temperature of either 20 or 30°. For each temperature the feeding level before and after a period of fasting was held at either 39 or 45 g/kg body-weight per d. Four pigs were given each treatment; food was withheld from three animals for a 4 d period in each experiment, and the fourth pig (control) was fed for the whole experimental period.2. After the withdrawal of food, the heat loss decreased rapidly and minimum values were recorded during the third and fourth days of fasting. Fasting heat loss was higher at 20° than at 30° and was not significantly dependent on the preceding level of feeding. The mean values obtained at 20 and 30° were 457 and 380 kJ/kg0.75 per d respectively.3. The heat loss during the periods of feeding was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 30° than at 20°, and was also higher at the higher level of feeding.4. The apparent efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated as 0.80.5. It was concluded that the critical temperature for a fasting pig weighing 25–40 kg is approximately 25°.

Effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the growth and development of the early-weaned piglet 2. Energy metabolism

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
M. W. Stanier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACT1. Measurements of heat loss, energy and nitrogen balance were made on 18 groups of piglets weaned at 2 weeks, at environmental temperatures of 18, 23 and 28°C, and at three levels of feeding at each temperature.2. From the experimental results, values of heat loss, energy retention, protein and fat deposition were derived for each temperature, at each of the three levels of metabolizable energy (kJ/kg M0·75 per day) intake: 550 (1·0MEm), 825 (1·5MEm) and 1100 (2·0MEm). The lowest of these levels was the calculated thermoneutral maintenance energy requirement (MEm).3. From the results the following deductions were made, (a) Heat loss varies with both environmental temperature and metabolizable energy intake, and at an intake of 2·0MEm is minimal between 23 and 28°C. Energy retention varies in an inverse manner to heat-loss, and at 1·0MEm is negative at all environmental temperatures below 28°C. (b) Protein and fat deposition increase significantly with increase in metabolizable energy intake (P < 0·05), with fat deposition being more dependent on temperature than protein deposition. The mean increase in protein deposition per 1°C increase in environmental temperature is 2·05 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Fat deposition is negative at all temperatures at l·0MEm; at l·5MEm it is zero at 23°C and negative at temperatures below this.4. Critical temperature was calculated to decrease from 26·9°C at l·0MEm to 23·9°C at 2·0MEm.5. The efficiency of energy utilization (k) was 0·58 at 18°C, 0·81 at 23°C and 0·74 at 28°C. The corresponding values of the maintenance energy requirements were 739, 615 and 550 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Estimates of the energetic efficiency of protein deposition (kp) of 0·60 to 0·65, and of fat deposition (k/) of 0·82 to 0·86, were determined at 23 and 28°C.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Le Dividich ◽  
M. Vermorel ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. C. Bouvier ◽  
A. Aumaitre
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. Six experiments each involving two groups of six piglets, were designed to study the influence of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention and protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. Immediately after weaning, at a mean age of 25 d, the animals were raised in two open circuit respiratory chambers. Each chamber was equipped with a totally wired cage. The piglets were paired-fed and maintained at environmental temperatures of 20, 24 or 28°. Four replicates were used for each temperature. Metabolizable energy, heat production and nitrogen balance were measured during two consecutive periods (A and B), each of 6 d duration.2. Heat production was higher at 20° than at 24 and 28° during periods A and B. Energy retention was negative during period A, it was positive during period B and increased with temperature.3. Protein deposition was always positive and independent of environmental temperature. The net efficiency of protein utilization was 0.77.4. Body fat was mobilized during period A at a higher rate at 20° than 28°. During period B, fat gain increased with increase in temperature.5. The calculated ME requirement for maintenance amounted to 411 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d at 28°.6. The critical temperature of early weaned piglets raised in intensive modern housing and fed at about 90% of the ad lib. intake is close to 28° during the first 12 d after weaning.

PSIV-B-25 Digestible energy and metabolizable energy of high-fiber ingredients in growing pig diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Jongkeon Kim ◽  
Yun Yeong Jo ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gluten Feed

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in high-fiber ingredients fed to growing pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 57.5 kg (SD = 5.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets and 3 periods was employed. A basal diet was composed of 75.0% corn and 22.7% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole energy sources. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 40% of corn and SBM with soybean hulls (SH), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), or rice bran (RB). An additional diet was prepared by replacing 10% of corn and SBM with cashew nut hulls (CNH). Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for total collection of feces and urine. The DE and ME values in RB (3,969 and 3,936 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in CGF (2,654 and 2,520 kcal/kg DM) and SH (2,492 and 2,541 kcal/kg DM) and the energy values in WB (3,162 and 3,118 kcal/kg DM) were not different from those in RB, CGF, or SH. The DE and ME values in CNH (350 and 572 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, energy concentrations in RB were greatest among the high-fiber test ingredients, whereas CNH had the lowest values.

Calorimetric studies on the effect of dietary energy source and environmental temperature on the metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by mature Light Sussex cockerels

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. F. Shannon ◽  
W. O. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Calorimetric Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maize Oil

SUMMARYExperiments to determine the net availabilities of the metabolizable energy (NAME) of a cereal-based diet and a maize-oil diet for maintenance and lipogenesis and the effect of environmental temperature on the NAME of the cereal-based diet are described. Four 1- to 2-year-old Light Sussex cockerels were used.The relationship between ME intake and energy retention was linear for each diet. The NAME'S of the cereal-based diet given at 22° and 28 °C (70.6 ± 1.83 % and 73.6 ± 3.54%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the NAME of the maize-oil diet (84.1 ± 1.85%). It is concluded that the beneficial effect of maize oil on the efficiency of energy utilization is due to a reduced heat increment rather than a reduction in the basal component of the heat production. The higher efficiency from the maize-oil diet led to an increase in the energy retained as fat.The mean fasting heat production at 28 °C was 15 % lower than at 22 °C (43.2 ± 1.45 and 51.2 ± 1.09 kcal/kg/day, respectively). The NAME of the cereal-based diet was not significantly different when the birds were kept at 22° or 28 °C. The lower metabolic rate at 28 °C was reflected in a lower maintenance requirement and in an increase in the deposition of body fat.

scholarly journals Effect of environmental temperature on muscle protein turnover and heat production in tube-fed broiler chickens

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus D. Yunianto ◽  
K. Hayashit ◽  
S. Kaiwda ◽  
A. Ohtsuka ◽  
Y. Tomita
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Muscle Protein Turnover ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The present experiments4 were undertaken to investigate the effects of environmental temperatures on growth, abdominal fat content, rate of muscle protein turnover, and heat production in tube-fed intact male broiler chickens. Plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and corticosterone (CTC) were also examined. Chicks (15d old) were kept at different environmental temperatures (16,19,22,25,28,31, and 34°) and given the experimental diet (200g crude protein/kg, 13·;57M/kg metabolizable energy) by tube three times daily throughout the 12d experimental period. In the hot conditions, except for 34°, body-weight gain was significantly higher than in the cold conditions. Thus, food conversion ratios (food: gain ratios) were lower when the birds were exposed to the hot conditions other than 34°. Likewise, abdominal fat content was significantly increased, and heat production was lower in the groups kept under the hot conditions other than 34°. The rate of skeletal muscle protein turnover and plasma concentration of CTC were decreased when the birds were exposed to hot conditions other than 34°. suggesting a role of CTC in the regulation of muscle protein turnover. Plasma concentrations of T4 and T3 were significantly decreased as environmental temperature increased. These results clearly show that plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and CTC are associated with accelerated muscle protein turnover and heat production.

Effect of feed intake on protein and energy retention of boars of high genetic potential for lean growth

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
D S Rao ◽  
K J McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Relationship

The daily rate of lean deposition achieved by growing pigs is a function of a wide range of factors including genotype, gender, liveweight and intake of energy/protein. The review of ARC (1981) highlighted the controversy surrounding the effects of liveweight and energy intake on lean deposition. Recent publications suggest that there are interactions between these factors and also with genotype. In contrast to the linear/plateau relationship between energy intake and protein deposition proposed by Whittemore and Fawcett (1976), Campbell and Taverner (1988) observed a linear response in protein deposition up to the highest energy intake achieved, with pigs of improved genotype. The slope of the relationship was much greater than that observed in previous studies (ARC 1981). In a recent experiment, McCracken and Rao (1989) have shown that high-lean pedigree boars can achieve protein deposition rates as high as 200 g/d over the liveweight range of 33 to 88 kg. At present there is no published information on the response of such pigs to energy intake though the low rates of fat deposition observed suggest that energy intake could be limiting protein deposition. The experiment described below was designed to measure the response of protein deposition to energy intake at a series of liveweights between 33 and 88 kg. The diet and the treatments were chosen to obtain a wide range of energy intakes above and below those observed with dry, pelleted diets.

scholarly journals The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. H. Close ◽  
I. B. Start ◽  
L. E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Eight groups each of four castrated male pigs, 25–30 kg initial body-weight, were kept for periods of 3 weeks in a calorimeter equipped as a pig pen and maintained at either 8° or 20°. At each temperature two feeding levels (g food/kg body-weight per d) were used, 45 and 52 at 8°, and 39 and 45 at 20°. Metabolizable energy, heat loss and nitrogen balance were measured.2. Heat loss was higher at 8° than at 20° and was independent of plane of nutrition, whereas at 20° the higher heat loss occurred at the higher plane of nutrition. Energy retention depended on both temperature and feeding level, and was highest at the 52 g feeding level at 8°.3. N retention was not influenced by environmental temperature but varied with plane of nutrition (correlation coefficient = 0·94), the increase being 9·98 (± 0·8) mg N per g food increase. The correlation coefficient between N retention and body-weight gain was also 0·94; body-weight gain was correlated with N retention rather than with fat deposition. Fat gain was reduced at the lower feeding levels and at the lower environmental temperature at the feeding level of 45 g/kg.4. The partial efficiency of energy retention at 20° was 66·5%. From this efficiency the maintenance requirement (at zero energy retention) at 20° was calculated to be 418 kJ/kg0·75. At 8° the partial efficiency of energy retention was 99·4%.

Environmental temperature, energy metabolism and heat regulation in sheep. I. Energy metabolism in closely clipped sheep

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. McC. Graham ◽  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Radiant Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. The energy exchange of two sheep closely clipped at weekly intervals was determined at three feeding levels and seven environmental temperatures, using a respiration apparatus in which radiant temperature was equal to ambient temperature. All measurements were made under conditions in which the animal was in equilibrium with its environment and heat storage was zero.2. Body weight and fleece growth were both markedly reduced at the lowest feeding level. Weight losses were most marked at the lowest temperatures.3. The energy lost in faeces decreased slightly as environmental temperature increased from 8 to 38° C. Urine energy losses also fell. Losses of energy as methane were maximal in the temperature range 23–28° C. As a result of these changes, the metabolizable energy of food increased with environmental temperature by 7 Cal./24 hr./° C.4. The environmental temperature of the sheep at which their heat production was minimal, i.e. the ‘critical’ temperature was 39–40° C. for the lowest feeding level, 33° C. for the medium feeding level and 24–27° C. for the highest feeding level.

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