The effects of feeding and acute cold exposure on the visceral release of volatile fatty acids, estimated hepatic uptake of propionate and release of glucose, and plasma insulin concentration in sheep

1. Five sheep were given a meal while they were in a neutral environmental temperature (15–20°) and while acutely exposed to a moderately cold (1°, wind speed 2 m/s) environment.2. Before and at various times after feeding measurements were made of hepatic portal blood flow and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and glucose in arterial, hepatic portal and hepatic venous blood plasma. From these measurements the net rate of release of VFA from the viscera was calculated, and the uptake of propionate and output of glucose by the liver was estimated, assuming hepatic arterial blood flow to be 20% of portal flow. The concentration of insulin in arterial and portal venous plasma was also measured.3. The change in environmental temperature did not affect the time taken by the animals to eat the meal completely.4. After feeding, in the neutral environment, there were significant increases in portal blood flow and release of VFA into the portal bloodstream. The uptake of propionate by the liver increased, significantly, and output of glucose also increased, but not significantly. Plasma insulin concentration also increased after feeding.5. During cold exposure portal blood flow was consistently higher, before and after feeding, than it was in the neutral environment. The release of VFA into the portal blood was also consistently greater during cold exposure, especially the release of propionate after feeding. Associated with this was an extra uptake of propionate and output of glucose by the liver. Plasma insulin concentration was slightly higher in the cold environment than the neutral environment before the animals were fed, but this difference was not apparent at any other time.