Deposition of fat in the body of the rat during rehabilitation after early undernutrition

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Harris ◽  
Elsie M. Widdowson
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Males And Females

1. Male and female rats aged 3 weeks were divided into two groups. One group of each sex was allowed unlimited access to the stock diet, the other group was given the stock diet in restricted amounts for 10 weeks so that the males gained only 19 g and the females 21 g in comparison with 176 g and 116 g for the well-nourished males and females respectively. The undernourished animals were then rehabilitated by being allowed the stock diet ad lib.2. Five animals of each sex were killed at various stages of the experiment, their bodies analysed for fat and nitrogen, and the size and number of fat cells determined in specific fat depots.3. The undernourished rats failed to make a complete recovery and were significantly smaller than the controls of the same sex at 172 d of age when the experiment terminated.4. The previously undernourished rats deposited significantly more fat in their bodies during rehabilitation than the control animals in the same number of days and over the same gain in body-weight.5. There were no significant differences in the number of cells containing fat at the abdominal fat site between the undernourished and rehabilitated animals and the controls at any stage, nor were there any significant differences in apparent fat cell numbers between the control and rehabilitated animals at any of the other sites studied when the experiment ended at 172 d.

scholarly journals Changes in adipose tissue of the rat due to early undernutrition followed by rehabilitation

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Number Of Cells

1. Male Black and White Hooded rats were allocated at birth to foster mothers in litters of three, nine or sixteen. At weaning animals from each of these litter sizes were ad lib.-fed on a stock diet forming three ad lib.-fed control groups. At weaning further animals from litters of nine and sixteen were fed on the stock diet in restricted amounts until 12 weeks of age. These undernourished animals were then rehabilitated by being allowed ad lib. access to the stock diet.2. Five animals from each group were killed at various stages of the experiment, their bodies analysed for fat and nitrogen, and the size and number of cells determined in four specific fat depots.3. The previously undernourished rats failed to make a complete recovery and were significantly smaller than ad lib.-fed animals from the same litter size at 32 weeks of age when the experiment was terminated.4. The previously undernourished rats from litters of nine deposited a significantly greater proportion of fat in their bodies during rehabilitation than ad lib.-fed animals from litters of nine over the same gain in body-weight. The previously undernourished rats from litters of sixteen deposited the same proportion of fat in their bodies during rehabilitation as ad lib.-fed animals from litters of three, nine and sixteen over the same gain in body-weight.5. There were no significant differences in apparent or total fat cell numbers between ad lib.-fed animals and undernourished-rehabilitated animals at any of the four sites studied at 32 weeks of age.

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS:

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostate Weight ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT The effects of various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) upon the release of luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH) from the hypophysis of a gonadectomized male or female rat were compared. Prostate weight in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners was used to evaluate the quantity of circulating LH. Hypophyseal LH was measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. Males castrated when 45 days old secreted significantly more LH and had three times the amount of pituitary LH as ovariectomized females. Administration of 25 μg TP daily reduced the amount of LH in the plasma, and increased the amount in the pituitary gland, in both sexes. Treatment with 50 μg caused a further reduction in plasma LH in males, but not in females, while pituitary levels in both were equal to that of their respective controls. LH fell to the same low level in partners of males or females receiving 100 μg TP. When gonadectomized at 39 days, males and females had the same amount of plasma LH, but males had more stored hormone. Pituitary levels were unchanged from controls following treatment with 12.5, 25 or 50 μg TP daily, but plasma values dropped an equal amount in both sexes with the latter two doses. Androgenized males or females, gonadectomized when 39 days old, were very sensitive to the effects of TP and plasma LH was significantly reduced with 12.5 μg daily. Pituitary LH in androgenized males was higher than that of normal males but was reduced to normal by small amounts of TP. The amount of stored LH in androgenized females was not different from that of normal females and it was unchanged by any dose of TP tested. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the male hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis is at least as sensitive as the female axis to the negative feedback effects of TP. Androgenization increases the sensitivity to TP in both males and females.

scholarly journals Stem cell treatment improves post stroke neurological outcomes: a comparative study in male and female rats

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000834
Author(s):  
Koteswara Rao Nalamolu ◽  
Bharath Chelluboina ◽  
Casimir A Fornal ◽  
Siva Reddy Challa ◽  
David M Pinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females

Background and purposeThe therapeutic potential of different stem cells for ischaemic stroke treatment is intriguing and somewhat controversial. Recent results from our laboratory have demonstrated the potential benefits of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a rodent stroke model. We hypothesised that MSC treatment would effectively promote the recovery of sensory and motor function in both males and females, despite any apparent sex differences in post stroke brain injury.MethodsTransient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Following the procedure, male and female rats of the untreated group were euthanised 1 day after reperfusion and their brains were used to estimate the resulting infarct volume and tissue swelling. Additional groups of stroke-induced male and female rats were treated with MSC or vehicle and were subsequently subjected to a battery of standard neurological/neurobehavioral tests (Modified Neurological Severity Score assessment, adhesive tape removal, beam walk and rotarod). The tests were administered at regular intervals (at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) after reperfusion to determine the time course of neurological and functional recovery after stroke.ResultsThe infarct volume and extent of swelling of the ischaemic brain were similar in males and females. Despite similar pathological stroke lesions, the clinical manifestations of stroke were more pronounced in males than females, as indicated by the neurological scores and other tests. MSC treatment significantly improved the recovery of sensory and motor function in both sexes, and it demonstrated efficacy in both moderate stroke (females) and severe stroke (males).ConclusionsDespite sex differences in the severity of post stroke outcomes, MSC treatment promoted the recovery of sensory and motor function in male and female rats, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for stroke.

Gonadal steroids effect similar regulation of gonadotrophin subunit mRNA expression in both male and female rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dalkin ◽  
S. J. Paul ◽  
D. J. Haisenleder ◽  
G. A. Ortolano ◽  
M. Yasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Gnrh Antagonist ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Subunit Gene ◽  
Gnrh Secretion ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females

ABSTRACT Gonadal steroids can act both indirectly via gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and directly on the pituitary to regulate gonadotrophin subunit gene expression. Recent studies to assess a possible direct action at the pituitary have shown that testosterone, when given to males in the absence of endogenous GnRH action, selectively increases FSH-β mRNA concentrations. Conversely, in females, oestradiol appears to regulate gonadotrophin subunit mRNAs primarily via GnRH. The present study was designed to determine whether these differing results reflect specific actions of the gonadal steroids themselves or different responses of the pituitary gonadotroph cells in males and females. Rats which had been castrated 7 days earlier were given silicone elastomer implants (s.c.) containing oestradiol (plasma oestradiol 68 ± 4 ng/l) in males or testosterone (plasma testosterone 3·5 ± 0·3 μg/l) in females in the absence or presence of a GnRH antagonist. Seven days later pituitaries were removed and steady-state mRNA concentrations measured by dotblot hybridization. In males, oestradiol reduced LH-β and FSH-β but not α mRNA. The antagonist reduced levels of all three subunit mRNAs in males and the addition of oestradiol had no further effect, suggesting that oestradiol regulates gonadotrophin subunit gene expression in males by suppressing GnRH secretion. In females, testosterone reduced all three subunit mRNAs though FSH-β remained threefold higher than in intact animals. The GnRH antagonist was as effective as testosterone alone and reduced α and LH-β to levels found in intact animals. FSH-β mRNA was partially reduced by antagonist alone in ovariectomized females but the addition of testosterone increased FSH-β twofold versus antagonist alone (as has been observed in males). These findings, together with earlier data, suggest that testosterone increased FSH-β twofold versus antagonist alone (as has been observed in males). These findings, together with earlier data, suggest that testosterone reduces gonadotrophin subunit mRNAs by inhibiting GnRH secretion and also acts directly on the gonadotroph to increase steady-state FSH-β mRNA concentrations in both males and females. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 132, 39–45

Aniline and hexobarbital hydroxylases from rat lung and kidney: neither sex dependent nor inducible with phenobarbital

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1247-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Lister ◽  
Bruce B. Virgo
Keyword(s):  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Aniline Hydroxylase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Lung And Kidney

The basal activities of aniline hydroxylase (AH), hexobarbital hydroxylase (HH), and ethylmorphine N-demethylase (ED) were measured in the 9000 × g supernatant of kidneys and lungs from male and female rats. No ED activity was detected in any tissue although all tissues N-demethylated three other substrates. The activities of AH and HH were not sex dependent in either kidney or lung. Similarly, pulmonary and renal microsomal protein concentrations were independent of sex. In addition, cytochrome P-450 levels in the kidney were the same in males and females (pulmonary P-450 was not measured). The pulmonary hydroxylases were more active than the renal enzymes in both sexes. In males, phenobarbital (ip, 50 rng∙kg−1∙day−1 for 3 days) failed to induce AH or HH in either kidney or lung; it did not increase the weight or microsomal protein levels of these organs and it also failed to increase renal P-450. Thus, the basal activities of AH and HH in lungs and kidneys are not different in male and female rats and are not increased by phenobarbital.

Effect of long-term undernutrition on male and female rat diaphragm contractility, fatigue, and fiber types

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1540-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Prezant ◽  
B. Richner ◽  
T. K. Aldrich ◽  
D. E. Valentine ◽  
E. I. Gentry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Diaphragm Atrophy

The effects of long-term undernutrition (10 wk) on diaphragm contractility, fatigue, and fiber type proportions were studied in male and female rats. Contractility and fatigue resistance indexes were measured in an in vitro diaphragm costal strip preparation by using direct stimulation at 37 degrees C. Undernutrition allowed for continued growth in males and females but with substantial reductions in weight gain. Relative to control rats of the same sex, final weights were significantly lower in undernourished males (74 +/- 3%) than females (90 +/- 5%), but weight gain was not significantly different between undernourished males (58 +/- 5%) and females (60 +/- 3%). Only in males did undernutrition significantly reduce costal diaphragm weight (to 77 +/- 5% of control). Diaphragm forces, normalized for cross-sectional area, were not significantly different from male or female control values. Fatigue resistance indexes (fatigue/baseline force) were increased at all stimulation frequencies in undernourished males but not in undernourished females. Costal diaphragm atrophy, involving types I and II fibers, occurred in undernourished males but not in undernourished females. In conclusion, despite long-term undernutrition reducing weight gain to similar levels in males and females (relative to control), there was excellent preservation of diaphragm weight, function, and structure in females but, although diaphragm atrophy occurred, there was preserved contractility and increased fatigue resistance in males.

scholarly journals Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging highlights neurovasculature changes following experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Wright ◽  
Jamie N. Mayo ◽  
Mujun Sun ◽  
Terence J. O’Brien ◽  
Sandy R. Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Cerebrovascular Function ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractNeurovascular injury has been proposed as a universal pathological hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with molecular markers of angiogenesis and endothelial function associated with injury severity and morbidity. Sex differences in the neurovasculature response post-TBI may contribute to the differences seen in how males and females respond to injury. Steady-state contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (SSCE-MRI) can be used to non-invasively assess the neurovasculature and may be a useful tool in understanding and predicting outcomes post-TBI. Here we used SSCE-MRI to investigate the neurovasculature of male and female rats at 48 h after an experimental TBI, and how these changes related to neuromotor function at 1-week post-TBI. In addition to TBI induced changes, we found that female rats had greater vessel density, greater cerebral blood volumes and performed better on a neuromotor task than their male counterparts. These results suggest that acute post-TBI cerebrovascular function is worse in males, and that this may contribute to the greater functional deficits observed post-injury. Furthermore, these results highlight the potential of SSCE-MRI to provide insights into the cerebral microvasculature post-TBI. Future studies, incorporating both males and females, are warranted to investigate the evolution of these changes and the underlying mechanisms.

Mechanism of enhanced lipolysis in adipose tissue of exercise-trained rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. E422-E429 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bukowiecki ◽  
J. Lupien ◽  
N. Follea ◽  
A. Paradis ◽  
D. Richard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Size ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Stimulus Recognition

The effects of exercise training and food restriction on the regulation of lipolysis were studied comparatively in adipocytes isolated from male and female rats. Exercise training inhibited cell proliferation in parametrial, but not in epididymal adipose tissue, whereas it significantly reduced adipocyte size in both fat depots. Adipocyte capacity for responding lipolytically to epinephrine (10 microns) or to ACTH (1 micron) was markedly increased by exercise training. Enhanced lipolysis was also observed when cells isolated from exercise-trained animals were stimulated by bypassing with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (5 mM) or theophylline (5 mM) the early metabolic steps associated with hormonal activation of the adenylate cyclase complex. Significantly, binding of (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol to cellular receptor sites was not affected by exercise training. It is therefore concluded that exercise training increases adipocyte responsiveness to lipolytic hormones at a metabolic step distal to stimulus recognition by adrenoreceptors, possibly at the level of protein kinases or lipases. Food restriction markedly reduced adipocyte size and partially mimicked the effects of exercise training on adipocyte proliferation and lipolysis.

Hippocampal or pyriform lobe damage in infancy and endocrine development of rats

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Riss ◽  
Stephen D. Burstein ◽  
Robert W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Behavioral Indices ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Lesions were produced in the brains of male and female albino rats at 1 week of age. It was found that bilateral hippocampal damage is associated with diminished gonadal and adrenal development when that development is estimated by morphologic and behavioral indices (running activity). Only those female rats with bilateral degeneration of the dorsal fornix failed to exhibit cyclic running. Both male and female rats with considerable bilateral hippocampal damage showed diminished running, smaller-sized gonads, and larger thymus bodies at 75–80 days of age. On the other hand, male and female rats with bilateral damage to the pyriform lobe developed a precocious spurt in running activity. A spurt is normally associated with puberty. The question of whether the hippocampus and pyriform lobe should be regarded only as "centers" for trophic stimulation or suppression or whether they should be regarded as important links in circuits mediating an endocrine response to environmental conditions is discussed.

scholarly journals Fetal Undernutrition Induces Resistance Artery Remodeling and Stiffness in Male and Female Rats Independent of Hypertension

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Perla Y. Gutiérrez-Arzapalo ◽  
Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
David Ramiro-Cortijo ◽  
Marta Gil-Ortega ◽  
Beatriz Somoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Level ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Resistance Artery ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Artery Remodeling ◽  
Tail Cuff

Fetal undernutrition programs hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, and resistance artery remodeling may be a contributing factor. We aimed to assess if fetal undernutrition induces resistance artery remodeling and the relationship with hypertension. Sprague–Dawley dams were fed ad libitum (Control) or with 50% of control intake between days 11 and 21 of gestation (maternal undernutrition, MUN). In six-month-old male and female offspring we assessed blood pressure (anesthetized and tail-cuff); mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) structure and mechanics (pressure myography), cellular and internal elastic lamina (IEL) organization (confocal microscopy) and plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity (zymography). Systolic blood pressure (SBP, tail-cuff) and plasma MMP activity were assessed in 18-month-old rats. At the age of six months MUN males exhibited significantly higher blood pressure (anesthetized or tail-cuff) and plasma MMP-9 activity, while MUN females did not exhibit significant differences, compared to sex-matched controls. MRA from 6-month-old MUN males and females showed a smaller diameter, reduced adventitial, smooth muscle cell density and IEL fenestra area, and a leftward shift of stress-strain curves. At the age of eighteen months SBP and MMP-9 activity were higher in both MUN males and females, compared to sex-matched controls. These data suggest that fetal undernutrition induces MRA inward eutrophic remodeling and stiffness in both sexes, independent of blood pressure level. Resistance artery structural and mechanical alterations can participate in the development of hypertension in aged females and may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events associated with low birth weight in both sexes.

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