scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Different Levels

1. Diets of rolled barley supplemented with urea or fish meal at four different levels were given in a change-over experiment to four sheep with cannulas in the abomasum and in the terminal ileum.2. Estimates were made of the disappearance of protein, ether extractives, starch, and ash in the various segments of the alimentary canal, and of the production of volatile fatty acids when the urea supplements were given.3. The disappearance (Y, g/d) of non-ammonia crude protein from the small intestine increased with increasing protein intake (X, g/d) on the fish-meal diets according to the equation Y = 0.37X+44. There was no increase in the disappearance with the urea supplements.4. In agreement with earlier work, it was shown that faecal nitrogen excretion was influenced to a much greater extent by fermentation in the large intestine than by that in the rumen. There was an apparent synthesis of ether-extractable lipid in the rumen at rates of 21and 18 g/d with the urea and the fish-meal diets respectively.5. The energy of the volatile fatty acids produced when the urea diets were given was estimated to be 59% of the digestible energy consumed.

Ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed diets with different levels of date pulp

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khezri ◽  
S. Javidan ◽  
O. Dayani ◽  
R. Tahmasbi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Different Levels

Four ruminally cannulated mature Kermani sheep (50 ± 2.3 kg and 40 ± 2.1 months old) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of diets with different levels of date pulp (DP) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. DP was replaced for wheat bran in diets at no DP (0 DP), 7 (7 DP), 14 (14 DP) and 21% (21 DP) of diet dry matter (DM) and were fed twice daily (0800 hours and 1800 hours). In this study, increasing the amount of DP in diets of sheep did not affect DM intake and apparent digestibility of nutrient (P > 0.05). Inclusion of DP in diets increased ruminal pH linearly (P < 0.05), but did not influence total volatile fatty acids and molar proportion of individual volatile fatty acids (P > 0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration (6.04 vs 10.13 mmol/L), and blood urea nitrogen (8.59 vs 13.10 mg/dL) were affected by diets (P < 0.05). Moreover, urinary nitrogen excretion was higher (P < 0.05) for Control diet (no DP) than the 21 DP diet. In this study, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were affected by experimental diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that DP at 14% can be used as an alternative feed resource in sheep nutrition especially in semiarid areas.

Intensive beef production 4. The effect on nitrogen retention of all-concentrate diets containing different levels of fish meal

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bowers ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

SUMMARY1. All-concentrate diets given ad libitum and containing different levels of fish meal, and varying in crude protein content from 16 to 22% in dry matter were given to eight Friesian steers at 150 kg. and at 240 kg. live-weight.2. At a mean live-weight of 150 kg., the retention of nitrogen increased significantly to a maximum of 41.5 g. per day on the diet having 22% crude protein in dry matter. At 240 kg. live-weight, the maximum retention of 37 g. per day was achieved at 20% crude protein in dry matter.3. Faecal nitrogen excretion per unit of metabolic body weight was approximately constant at all protein levels and at both live-weights.4. Urinary nitrogen excretion per unit of metabolic body weight increased with increasing crude protein level in the diet and for any crude protein level was higher at 240 kg. than at 150 kg. live-weight.

scholarly journals Nutritional implications of l-arabinose in pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Schutte ◽  
J. de Jong ◽  
E. J. van Weerden ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The pentose sugar l-arabinose is one of the most abundant components released by complete hydrolysis of non-starch polysaccharides of feed ingredients of vegetable origin. Two studies were conducted to investigate the apparent ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of l-arabinose at dietary inclusion levels of 50 and 100 g/kg, and 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg respectively, in pigs. As a reference, d-glucose was included in the studies. Water intake, ileal flow of volatile fatty acids and ileal and faecal digestibilities of dietary nutrients in pigs fed on the different diets were also examined. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. Apparent ileal digestibility of l-arabinose was found to be approximately 70%. The presence of l-arabinose in the diet increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of l-arabinose in the pig small intestine. l-arabinose was partly excreted in the urine. The extent of this urinary excretion as a percentage of intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) as the dietary level increased. In pigs fed on the 25 g l-arabinose/kg diet, 10.9% of the l-arabinose consumed appeared in the urine. This level was increased to 14.7% when pigs were fed on a diet containing 100 g l-arabinose/kg diet. Faecal digestibility and retention of nitrogen decreased significantly in pigs fed on the l-arabinose diets.

Studies on pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas. 2. Disappearance of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids from diets containing different protein sources

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Alimon ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Meat Meal

Quantitative estimates of disappearances of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids anterior to the mid-point and terminal ileumof the small intestine were made in pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas and offered six diets containing wheat alone or supplemented with either meat meal, fish meal, peanut meal, soybean meal or sunflower meal. Apparent digestibilities of dietary dry matter and nitrogen were also estimated by faecal measurements. Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogen was greater anterior to the mid-point than at the end of the small intestine and the rectum. Amounts disappearing at each location and between the three locations differed significantly between protein sources. Up to 10% of dietary dry matter and nitrogen disappeared in the large intestine. For lysine, methionine, threonine and valine, absorption was greater anterior than posterior to the midpoint of the small intestine for all diets except that containing only wheat. Measurements made of the disappearance of amino acids anterior to the large intestine indicated that the apparent availability of the majority of ammo acids of peanut meal, followed by soybean meal, was greater than those of meat meal (52 % crude protein) and fish meal (50 % crude protein).

'Normalization' of germfree mice after direct and indirect contact with mice having a 'normal' intestinal microflora

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Koopman ◽  
H. M. Kennis ◽  
A. Lankhorst ◽  
G. W. Welling ◽  
M. P. C. Hectors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
The Third ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Normalization Process

Germfree mice were associated via direct and indirect contact with a 'normal' microflora by placing 'normal' mice in an isolator with germfree mice. Relative caecal weights, the ratio of secondary to primary bile acids, the presence of filamentous segmented bacteria in the small intestine and faecal β-aspartylglycine were normal 5 days after direct contact and 15 days after indirect contact. Enterobacteriaceae were demonstrated by the third day after direct contact and the fourth day after indirect contact. Volatile and non-volatile fatty acids in the caecal contents were variable and appeared to be unrelated to the 'normalization' process of germfree mice after association with a microflora.

The digestion by sheep of silages made with and without the addition of formaldehyde

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
D. G. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Total Amino Acids

SUMMARYS.24 perennial ryegrass was conserved by ensiling directly (control) and after treatment with a solution of formaldehyde at the rate of 6 g HCHO/100 g crude protein. After storage for 90 days, part of the formaldehyde-treated silage was dried in a high-temperature drier.The quantitative digestion of the energy, carbohydrate and nitrogen moieties of the three diets and the production of volatile fatty acids and microbial protein within the rumen were measured using five sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.Treatment with formaldehyde depressed organic matter and energy digestion within the rumen compared with untreated silage (P < 0·001) and a further depression was observed on the dehydrated material. Both formaldehyde-treated silages showed enhanced flows of total amino acids into the small intestine compared with the control silage and net absorption from the small intestine was elevated by 13 and 21% respectively on these two diets. On the untreated silage over 71% of the protein entering the small intestine was microbial in origin whereas, due to depressed microbial growth and increased protection of feed protein from rumen fermentation, microbial protein comprised only 17% of duodenal protein on the two formaldehyde-treated silage diets. Fifteen and 81 % of the dietary protein passed undegraded through the stomachs to the duodenum on the control and the two formaldehyde-treated silage diets respectively.Total VFA production within the rumen was not significantly influenced by the treatments imposed, but on the untreated silage only 56% of the energy apparently digested in the rumen was converted to VTA energy whilst a mean value of 74% was recorded on the other two diets.Estimates of the total energy absorbed gave values of 10·6, 11·9 and 10·7 MJ/kg D.M. for the control, formaldehyde and dried, formaldehyde silage diets with absorbed protein energy representing 21, 22 and 26% of the total absorbed energy respectively.

scholarly journals Nutritional implications of D-xylose in pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Schutte ◽  
J. de Jong ◽  
R. Polziehn ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Pentose Sugars

Hemicellulose consists primarily of pentose sugars, joined together in a polysaccharide chain with d-xylose as the most abundant component. Ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of d-xylose and associated effects of this pentose sugar on ileal and faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen were studied in pigs. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. d-xylose was given at dietary inclusion levels of 100 and 200 g/kg, and the control sugar, d-glucose, at a rate of 200 g/kg diet. Ileal digestibility of d-xylose as well as that of d-glucose was found to be close to 100%. The presence of d-xylose in the diet decreased ileal digesta pH and increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of d-xylose in the pig small intestine. In pigs fed on the 100 g d-xylose/kg diet, 44.5% of the d-xylose intake appeared in the urine. This percentage increased significantly to 52.6 when pigs were fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet. Ileal and faecal digestibility of DM, OM, GE and N, as well as N retention, decreased significantly in pigs fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet.

Use of silkworm pupae meal as protein supplement in the nutrition of broiler chickens

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 160-160
Author(s):  
Z. Ansari Pirsaraii ◽  
B. Navidshad
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Silk Industry ◽  
Silkworm Pupae ◽  
Local Product ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Silk Worm ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Different Levels

Silkworm pupae meal is a silk industry by-product that in some countries is available as a local product. It contain up to 30% crude fat and 50% crude protein. The chemical score of silkworm pupae protein is 60 and tryptophan is its limiting amino acid. The silk worm pupae meal fat contains 25.7% linoleic acid (Udayasekhara Rao, 1994). Reddy et al (1991) reported that use of diets contain 5% 8% SWP so that replaced 50% of fish meal, lowered weight gain. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of substituting different levels of silkworm pupae (SWP) for soybean meal (SBM) in Arian (an Iranian strain) broiler rations.

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