scholarly journals Determination of the energy expenditure of penned and grazing sheep from estimates of carbon dioxide entry rate

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Corbett ◽  
D. J. Farrell ◽  
R. A. Leng ◽  
G. L. McClymont ◽  
B. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

1. NaH14CO3, was infused at a constant rate either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into sheep kept in a uniform environment and consuming a standard amount of food each hour. After 3 h of infusion the specific radioactivity (SR) of COe obtained by acidification of samples of blood taken from the right atrium showed no significant change with time until after 22 h when the infusions were stopped.2. Entry rates of COa (I/h) in sheep were estimated from the ratio of rate of infusion of 14CO2, as NaH14C08 (µCi/h) to the SR of CO2 (µCi/l) in samples of jugular venous blood, urine and exhaled gas taken after infusions had been in progress for at least 3 h. Concurrently, rates of energy expenditure were calculated from the gaseous exchanges over periods of 60–90 min which were determined for grazing sheep by use of re-entrant tracheal cannulation and meter-ing and analysis of exhaled gas, or for housed sheep by measurement in respiration chambers.3. Significant positive relationships were found between entry rate, the independent variable, and the contemporary energy expenditure. Equations obtained for grazing sheep were not significantly different from those obtained for other, housed, sheep when both groups were infused subcutaneously and COz for assay of radioactivity was obtained in all instances from blood, or in all instances from urine.4. With subcutaneous infusion the equation relating energy expenditure to entry rate estimated from the SR of urinary COa differed significantly from that where entry rate was derived from radioactivity assays of blood or exhaled CO2. There was also a significant differ-ence between two equations where entry rates were determined from the SR of blood CO2 but route of infusion was in the one instance intravenous and in the other was sub-cutaneous. Reasons for the differences between equations are discussed.5. Changes in the rates of energy expenditure of sheep effected by intermittent exercise on a treadmill were reflected in changes in CO2 entry rates. Values for the energy cost of hori-zontal locomotion by the sheep were derived from the entry rates and were similar in magni-tude to those reported by other workers.6. I t is suggested that the method of determining energy expenditure from COz entry rate may be adapted for use on many species of animal in a variety of environments.

Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tatyana Dzimbova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

On the determination of turnover in vivo with tracers

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. E417-E424
Author(s):  
J. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mixed Venous

Theoretical and practical aspects of the application of tracer methods for the measurement of turnover of blood-borne compounds are discussed, with special regard to lactate. The validity of the application of the tracer into the aortic arch and sampling from the right atrium (A-V), the administration of tracer into the vena cava and sampling from the aorta (V-A), and sampling to the determination of turnover are examined, using numerical examples. It is shown that the difference between specific activity in arterial and mixed venous blood depends mainly on the cardiac output, the ratio of tracee turnover to the mass of circulating tracee, and the sites of production and utilization of the tracee. Conditions are shown under which the A-V and V-A modes overestimate or underestimate the true rate of turnover. In theory, the A-V mode provides an exact estimate of turnover when the mean specific activity of the tracee in the whole body equals the specific activity of mixed venous blood in the right heart. It is shown that, for compounds with a high turnover rate, the underestimate in the A-V mode is small, and the mode provides a close approximation of true turnover. The underestimate in the V-A mode at high turnover rates is extensive. Experimental evidence indicates that, in several animal species, the specific activity of lactate and several amino acids in several organs and tissues nearly equals that in the venous blood, with the A-V mode providing a close approximation of the true turnover for these compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

History as Politics: Contemporary Israeli Children's and Young Adults' Historical Fiction and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
Rima Shikhmanter
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Historical Fiction ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Historical fiction serves as a powerful source for the dissemination of historical images and the determination of collective memory. These roles are of particular significance in the context of severe political conflicts. In these cases historical fiction shapes the narrative of the conflict, explains its source and central events, and therefore forms the readers' political stances towards the conflict and its consequences. This article examines the role contemporary Jewish Israeli historical fiction for young adults plays in presenting the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to young readers. It discusses two of the political perspectives this fiction addresses: the traditional hegemonic narrative and the left-wing narrative. Associated with the right-wing sector of Israeli politics, the former promotes the Zionist myth and seeks to justify the necessity and morality of its premises while ignoring and/or dismissing the legitimacy of the Palestinian narrative. The lack of a consensual Jewish historical narrative that does not negate the Palestinian narrative on the one hand, and the ongoing public delegitimisation of the left-wing on the other, forces historical-fiction authors to place their plots at a historical remove, locating them in other places and times.

scholarly journals Studies on the metabolism of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one in boar testis in vivo

1974 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. Saat ◽  
D. B. Gower ◽  
F. A. Harrison ◽  
R. B. Heap
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Venous Plasma

1. [5α-3H]5α-Androst-16-en-3-one (5α-androstenone) was infused at a constant rate for 180min into the spermatic artery of a sexually mature boar. Samples of spermatic-venous blood were collected at 1min intervals for the first 10min of the infusion and thereafter at 15min intervals for the first hour, then at 64, 125, 155 and 172min. After infusion, the testis was removed and immediately cooled to −196°C. 2. From both the testicular tissue and the spermatic-venous plasma, endogenous and3H-labelled androst-16-enes were isolated, characterized and quantitatively determined and their specific radioactivity was calculated. 3. The specific radioactivities of 5α-androstenore, 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol and 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol (an-α and an-β) in testicular tissue were different from those in the spermatic-venous plasma, suggesting that these compounds may be present in more than one compartment of the testis and differentially secreted into the spermatic-venous blood. 4. The ratios of the specific radioactivities of an-α and an-β to their respective sulphate conjugates in the testicular tissue were less than the ratios of the same compounds in the spermatic-venous plasma. 5. The patterns of secretion of these labelled compounds in the spermatic-venous blood during the period of infusion were demonstrated. 6. The urine that accumulated during the infusion was analysed and found to contain3H-labelled an-β, conjugated as both glucuronide and sulphate, the specific radioactivities of which were determined. Little or no androst-16-enes occurred as free steroids. 7. The presence of an-β glucuronide in the urine is discussed.

Effects upon glucose metabolism of feeding a low-or high-roughage diet at two levels of intake to sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essi Evans ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Subsequent Withdrawal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. To determine the effect of diet and level of energy intake on glucose metabolism in sheep, four dietary treatments consisting of feeding a low-roughage (LR) and a high-roughage (HR) diet at each of two intake levels estimated to provide 586 and 1172 kJ (140 and 280 kcal) digestible energy (DE)/kg body-weight0·75 per d were given to each of eight yearling rams in four different time periods each of 4 weeks duration. Both diets contained 140 g crude protein/ kg using ground maize, mixed hay and soya-bean meal and were given in two meals/d. Estimated DE values of food were verified during the study and actual intakes of DE were within 9·5% of the estimated values.2. To study glucose metabolism, a single intravenous injection of [2-3H]glucose and subsequent withdrawal of nine venous blood samples within 3 h were made in each experiment. Two experiments were conducted on consecutive days for each sheep on each dietary treatment.3. Coefficients of determination (r2) for linear regressions to measure the effect of time after a single injection of [2-3H]glucose on log specific radioactivity of plasma glucose were calculated for fifty-eight experiments. In fifty-six of the experiments, r2 values exceeding 0·95 were obtained.4. Compared to the HR diet, the LR diet increased (P < 0·05) the pool size and decreased (P < 0·05) the half-life of glucose. At both intake levels, the LR diet increased (P < 0·05) the plasma concentration and the entry rate of glucose compared to the HR diet but interaction (P < 0·05) between diet and intake level was attributed to a greater difference obtained between diets at the higher compared to the lower level of food intake. Increasing the level of intake caused a greater (P < 0·05) pool size and space, and a shorter (P < 0·05) half-life of glucose.5. It was concluded that substitution of roughage by concentrate in a ruminant's diet may increase the rate of glucose entry during a short time period after eating.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Cystine by Merino Sheep Genetically Different in Wool Production IV. Rates of Entry of Cystine Into Plasma, Measured With a Single Intravenous Injection of L- [35S] Cystine, and the Subsequent Incorporation of 35S Into Wool Fibres

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Subsequent Incorporation

Ten, 2-year-old Merino ewes from a flock selectively bred for high clean fleece weight (Fleece Plus) and ten from a flock bred for low clean fleece weight (Fleece Minus) were randomly divided between two dietary treatments: 600 or 1100 g/day of pelleted lucerne hay. After 14 weeks, each ewe received an intravenous injection of L-[35Sjcystine (66�4.uCi). Venous blood samples were collected at 15 specified times until 8 h after the injections, and wool fibres were plucked until 65-75 days after the injections. Protein-free filtrates prepared from blood plasma were bulked within sample times for ewes from the same flock and dietary treatment. Equations relating the specific radioactivity of free cystine isolated from the bulked filtrates to time after injection contained three exponential terms. The entry rate and pool size of cystine estimated from these equations were greater in Fleece Minus than in Fleece Plus ewes (by 25 and 44 % respectively for entry rate and pool size). Both traits were also higher in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day than in those offered 600 g/day (58�7 v. 33�9 mg/h for entry rate and 19�2 v. 11� 8 mg for pool size). The concentration offree cystine in plasma was greater in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day (3�0 v. 2�1 mg/I; P < O� 05), and greater in Fleece Minus ewes (3�0 v. 2�1 mg/I; P < 0�05).

scholarly journals The Role of Measurement in the Public Polls (Albanian Case)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Fatbardha Doçi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
The Public ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Systematic Sample ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

In Albania reality are made a lot of surveys to predict the result of elections. It is so important to have the exactly result of the election of another items to predict. A prestigious company has done the survey in Albania reality, but they have “Forgotten“ that the Albania reality is different from the reality, because they have used the same questionnaires in Albania reality.It is so important to have the right measurement and to have the reliability and the validity of the survey. So we have types of measurement and in my research I have used one of them. If we used the right measurement, we can have a small margin of error and the result of the surveys should be the reliability than the other cases. I have decided to make the survey in Albanian reality lot of survey in two different realities. One of them I have used two kinds of sample, when one of them is systematic sample and another is quota sample. A comparison between two surveys is made providing the same questionnaire (with delicate questions) in the same place and time. The only difference was in the last step of the sample: one of the surveys has made the interviews based on the quota (gender, group age), whereas the other has used the systematic schema (with step – door by door). The margin decided by this way included also the one produced by the used of the quota. The expectation was a determination of differences between answers by this distinction.

scholarly journals Access to the Highest Administrative Courts: between the Right of an Individual to Have a Case Heard and the Right of a Court to Hear Selected Cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Wojciech Piątek
Keyword(s):  
High Standard ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Lower Courts ◽  
Administrative Courts ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Hearing a dispute by a court in a reasonable time is one of the crucial conditions for the existence of an effective judicial system as imposed by the European law and national legal orders. That requirement is contrary to the expectations of individuals to question the judgments of lower courts before the courts of the highest instance. The purpose of this article is to explore the question of values that should be taken into consideration by legislatures in a process of determining the access of administrative cases to the highest courts. The analysis is based on the example of Austrian and Polish legal systems. In both countries, there is a separate two-instance administrative judiciary. However, the conditions of the access to the Supreme Administrative Courts differ. In Poland, that access is unlimited, considering the constitutional principle of two-instance court proceedings. In Austria, the right in question is limited to cases deemed significant for broader interest, i.e. not only the one of the parties to the proceeding. An analysis of the normative consequences of each solution leads to the conclusion that procedural limitations concerning the access to the highest courts foster their role in preserving the uniformity of the case law and ensuring a high standard of its interpretation. A system with no limitations does not guarantee the determination of a concrete dispute in a reasonable time and thus cannot be considered effective.

Sheep lactate entry-rate measurements: error due to sampling jugular blood.

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. E138
Author(s):  
P E Reilly ◽  
L G Chandrasena
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carotid Arterial ◽  
Arteriovenous Difference

Carotid arterial and jugular venous blood samples were taken simultaneously during primed continuous infusions of L-[U-14C]lactate in four sheep. The mean rate (n = 4) of total net formation of lactate (0.394 +/- 0.047 mg C/min per kg) calculated from the results obtained by analyzing the jugular blood samples for lactate concentration and specific radioactivity was significantly higher (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.005) than the mean rate (n = 4) calculated from the results of analysis of the arterial samples (0.302 +/- 0.036 mg C/min per kg). The error in the estimation of the rate of total net formation of lactate due to jugular sampling resulted from the negative arteriovenous difference found for lactate across the tissues of the head. These results illustrate the general need for examination of the suitability of venous sampling in experiments that make use of the continuous infusion isotope-dilution method.

History of the emergence of legal regulation of the activity of controlled foreign companies in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Ruslan Adamovich Muratov
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
International Taxation ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
State Tax ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Extension of globalization process to the world economy allows conducting the economic activity outside the country of tax residency. It also entailed the emergence of various types of incentives in some jurisdictions, for example, preferential tax regime or non-taxation. Questions related to international taxation are currently most acute. The use of foreign jurisdictions through controlled foreign companies reduces the state tax revenue. For counteracting abuse of the privilege by taxpayers, the rules of controlled foreign companies have been developed and implemented in over 30 countries. On the one hand, the countries accept these rules for preventing tax evasion, which can be changed due to various circumstances. On the other hand, there arise situations when such rules may worsen the situation of the taxpayer. This leads to abuse of the right of regulatory authorities in counteracting tax evasion. The controlled foreign companies (CFC)&nbsp;rules are aimed at determination of actual tax liability of the taxpayer, and do not pursue fiscal, political or other interests that worsen the conditions of the taxpayer.

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