scholarly journals A comparison of markers for estimating magnitude of rumen digestion

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 961-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Drennan ◽  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
W. N. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oxide Powder ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Oxide Ratio ◽  
Suitable Marker

1. Two experiments were carried out with sheep and cattle receiving high-concentrate rations to estimate the amount of digestion taking place in the rumino-reticulum and omasum. Two techniques were used for the collection of samples of abomasal contents. In the experiment with sheep, animals were slaughtered at different times after feeding and samples of digesta were collected. In the experiment with cattle, samples were collected through an abomasal fistula at 2 h intervals throughout the entire 24 h. Chromic oxide powder was incorporated into the ration.2. Digestion of DM in the rumen estimated by the chromic oxide ratio ranged from 36 to –7%. Estimates based on the lignin ratio ranged from 57 to 68%. Estimates based on lignin as the marker were more consistent within experiments.3. Starch digestion in the rumen based on the chromic oxide ratio ranged from 56 to 92% while estimates based on the lignin ratio ranged from 89 to 96%. The amount of starch digested, according to chromic oxide ratios, was up to 500 g more than estimated organic matter digested in sheep, and up to 2 kg more than organic matter digested in cattle, both impossible results. Estimates based on lignin were always less than estimated dry-matter digestion.4. In view of the untenable results obtained by using chromic oxide powder mixed in the ration as an indigestible marker, while lignin in the same samples always yielded credible results, it appears that chromic oxide is not always a suitable marker for estimating rumen digestion from abomasal samples.

Dry-matter intake of Hereford and first-cross cows measured by controlled release of chromic oxide on three pasture systems

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barlow ◽  
K. J. Ellis ◽  
P. J. Williamson ◽  
P. Costigan ◽  
P. D. Stephenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Females

SummaryFaecal output of 287 beef cows consisting of Hereford (H × H), Simmental × Hereford (S × H), Friesian × Hereford (F × H) and Brahman × Hereford (B × H) breeding was estimated using controlled release of chromic oxide (Cr2O3). All cows were from 6 to 10 years of age and had grazed on one of three pasture systems in the subtropics of New South Wales since they were 7–8 months of age. These pastures were designated as being of high, medium and low nutritive value. Faecal organic matter output (FOMO) was estimated in each of four periods (early lactation, mid lactation, late lactation, and non-lactating) during one annual production cycle.Herbage mass exceeded 2 t/ha on all pasture systems, but estimates of organic-matter digestibility, nitrogen content and pasture composition indicated large differences in pasture quality (high > medium > low). Live weight of cows averaged 604, 488 and 393 kg live weight on the high, medium and low pastures, respectively. There were significant differences in live weight between genotypes on the medium (B × H > F × H and H × H) and low (S × H ≡ F × H ≡ B × H > H × H) pastures but not on the high pasture).FOMO and dry-matter intake (DMI) differed significantly between genotypes among lactating cows on all pasture systems. Rankings on high pastures were reasonably consistent in all periods: S × H ≡ F × H ≥ B × H ≥ H × H, as were those on low pastures, B × H ≥ S × H ≡ F × H ≥ H × H. Differences on medium pastures were significant only during mid-lactation when B × H ≡ S × H ≡ F × H > H × H. Significant differences between genotypes were observed among non-lactating cows on high pastures only, where H × H ≡ S × H ≡ F × H > B × H. Lactating females had significantly higher FOMO and DMI than non-lactating females when compared across genotypes during early lactation on all pastures.

Secretion and absorption of nutrients in the alimentary tract of reindeer fed lichens or concentrates during the winter

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2364-2376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. White ◽  
E. Jacobsen ◽  
H. Staaland
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Apparent Absorption

Water, organic matter (OM), N, Ca, P, K, Na, and Cl exchange was estimated in the alimentary tract of reindeer given concentrate or lichen diets alone or supplemented with minerals. Chromic oxide was used as a nondigestible marker and results are discussed in relation to inaccuracies of this marker technique. The pattern of water, OM, and N exchange was similar to other ruminants; over 61% of OM digestion was due to the rumen–reticulum plus omasum and abomasum (stomachs). For the concentrate diet, 40–60% of N digestion occurred in the stomachs. Apparent absorption of Ca, P, and Mg in the stomachs was linearly related to intake. Ca and Mg supplemented to lichens was excreted because of an inability of the intestines to recover mineral secreted into duodenal contents. In contrast, the jejunum absorbed P added to the diet. Excretion of K in feces at 0.076 mM/g fecal dry matter placed a limit on K absorption; it was negative on the lichen diet. Cl was absorbed in the small and large intestines. Supplemental Na, part of the P, Ca, and K, but none of the supplemental Mg added to the lichen diet was absorbed. Lichens appeared to bind some minerals and could thereby place a limit on their absorption.

The effect of diet composition and level of feeding on digestion in the stomach and intestines of sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. SUTTON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Quantitative Importance

1. Four wether sheep, each fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and a rumen cannula, were used to determine the relative quantitative importance of digestion in the stomach compared with that in the intestines when diets of low (HM1) and high starch (CM1) content were fed at 0.9 times maintenance and when the high-starch diet was fed at 1.7 (CM2) and 2.3 (CM3) times maintenance. Paper, impregnated with chromic oxide, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were administered.2. An apparatus is described which allowed one operator to collect, record, sample and return the duodenal digesta from two sheep simultaneously.3. Total digestion was determined by faeces collections over 7–10 day periods, and digestion in the stomach by measuring the total flow of digesta from the abomasum to the duodenum over two 24 h periods with two or three sheep on each ration. Flow values were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromic oxide.4. The recoveries of chromic oxide and PEG were similar and it was concluded that either marker was satisfactory for adjusting 24 h flow values. Disadvantages of using PEG are discussed.5. There was relatively little difference between rations HM1 and CM1 in the proportion of digestible organic matter and energy digested in the stomach. Only 57.1% of the total dry-matter digestion occurred in the stomach for ration HM1 compared with 65.0% for ration CM1 reflecting a smaller net gain in ash for ration CM1. Doubling the level of intake (ration CM2) resulted in a decrease in the proportion of digestible dry matter, organic matter and energy digested in the stomach. When the level was increased still further with ration CM3, the proportion continued to decrease with one sheep but increased with the other.6. All but 5–11% of the digestible starch (measured as α-linked glucose polymer) was fermented in the stomach, the lowest proportion being with ration HM1.7. The amount of nitrogen reaching the duodenum was approximately equal to the amount ingested with rations HM1 and CM1 but considerably greater with the other two rations. All rations contained approximately 2% nitrogen.8. Calculation of the estimated loss of energy as methane and heat of fermentation suggested that 50–54% of the digestible energy was absorbed as volatile fatty acids.

Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
G. L. Mabey ◽  
R. Rose Innes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Content of Dry Matter and Dry Organic Matter in Compost with Neural Modelling Methods

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Dawid Wojcieszak ◽  
Maciej Zaborowicz ◽  
Jacek Przybył ◽  
Piotr Boniecki ◽  
Aleksander Jędruś
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Test Error ◽  
Effective Assessment ◽  
Modelling Methods

Neural image analysis is commonly used to solve scientific problems of biosystems and mechanical engineering. The method has been applied, for example, to assess the quality of foodstuffs such as fruit and vegetables, cereal grains, and meat. The method can also be used to analyse composting processes. The scientific problem lets us formulate the research hypothesis: it is possible to identify representative traits of the image of composted material that are necessary to create a neural model supporting the process of assessment of the content of dry matter and dry organic matter in composted material. The effect of the research is the identification of selected features of the composted material and the methods of neural image analysis resulted in a new original method enabling effective assessment of the content of dry matter and dry organic matter. The content of dry matter and dry organic matter can be analysed by means of parameters specifying the colour of compost. The best developed neural models for the assessment of the content of dry matter and dry organic matter in compost are: in visible light RBF 19:19-2-1:1 (test error 0.0922) and MLP 14:14-14-11-1:1 (test error 0.1722), in mixed light RBF 30:30-8-1:1 (test error 0.0764) and MLP 7:7-9-7-1:1 (test error 0.1795). The neural models generated for the compost images taken in mixed light had better qualitative characteristics.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Digestible cell wall and undigested cellular contents of two grasses of low net energy value for growing cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Range Of Values

SUMMARYIn two grasses of low net energy value for growth and fattening of cattle, digestible cell-wall values were close to 40% of forage organic matter (OM), similar to the expected value for grass. A value of 14% of forage OM for apparently undigested cellular contents in both grasses was just outside the range of values for grass. The data supported previous evidence that total cell wall is the only value that can be used at present to define grass in terms of its digestible dry matter.

Intake and digestion of lucerne hay and wheat straw by cattle 14 to 56 weeks of age

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Wet Sieving

Eight Friesian calves, 8 weeks of age, were prepared with rumen and abomasal cannulae. Four calves were given lucerne and four calves were given wheat straw sprayed with urea and minerals. The diets were changed over between the calves every 6 weeks until the calves were 56 weeks of age. The particles in the rumen that passed through a 1 mm screen during wet sieving were 66 to 73% of the total particles in the rumen of calves given lucerne and 77 to 84% of the particles in the rumen of the calves given wheat straw. The digestion of organic matter in the stomach was 71 to 79% of the total organic matter digested in the calves given lucerne. In the calves given wheat straw, between 82 and 95% of the total organic matter digestion occurred in the stomach. The apparent digestion of dry matter in the calves given lucerne was 61-6856 and did not change with age of the calves. The apparent digestion of dry matter when the calves were given wheat straw was 42% at 14 weeks of age, and it increased to 53% at 56 weeks of age. The digestion of nitrogen in the intestine in the heifers given wheat straw increased to 26 weeks of age while that of heifers given lucerne hay decreased.

scholarly journals Introducing Mediterranean Lupins in Lambs’ Diets: Effects on Growth and Digestibility

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 942
Author(s):  
Mariana Almeida ◽  
Sofia Garcia-Santos ◽  
Ana Nunes ◽  
Sara Rito ◽  
Jorge Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Livestock Feeding

Lupins are suitable candidates to replace soybean meal in livestock feeding in the Mediterranean area, presenting a solution for the European Union’s dependence on soybean importations. This study aimed to assess the effect of incorporating Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus into Churra da Terra Quente lambs’ diets on growth performance and digestibility. Two trials were conducted over two years. In trial 1, two experimental diets containing 50 g/kg Lupinus albus and 50 g/kg Lupinus luteus were tested. In trial 2, lambs were fed with diets containing higher incorporations of Lupinus luteus (100, 150, and 200 g/kg: LL10, LL15, and LL20, respectively). Total dry matter, hay dry matter, and crude protein intake were calculated, as well as average daily gains. At the end of the growth trials, dry matter, organic matter, and NDF digestibility was determined. Incorporating 50 g/kg of lupins did not affect (p > 0.05) the performance. Lambs fed on LL20 diets presented the lowest HDMI and CPI values (p < 0.05). The highest intakes (p < 0.05) were observed from LL15 lambs. No differences were found in apparent digestibility coefficients between diets (p > 0.05), except for NDF digestibility which was highest (p < 0.05) for LL20. The optimum level of lupin inclusion in lambs’ diets seems to be 150 g/kg.

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