scholarly journals The effects of intravenous infusions of cod-liver and soya-bean oils on the secretion of milk fat in the cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
B. Tuckley ◽  
D. Millard
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

1. The effects of intravenous infusions of emulsified cod-liver oil, Ethive (British Codliver Oils (Hull & Grimsby) Ltd; ethyl ester fraction of cod-liver oil rich in polyunsaturated acids) and soya-bean oil on the secretion of milk fat and the composition of blood lipids in the dairy cow were investigated.2. Soya-bean oil increased the yield of total fat, by increasing the secretion of unsaturated C18 acids in milk and also increased the proportions of oleic and linoleic acids in the blood plasma triglycerides.3. Cod-liver oil and Ethive both decreased the yield of total fat and the yields of C14 to C18 acids but had no effect on the yields of C4 to C12 acids in milk. Although the emulsions contained considerable quantities of C20 to C22 acids, which were incorporated into the blood plasma triglycerides, these acids were not secreted in the milk fat.4. It is concluded that, if the polyunsaturated C20 and C22 acids in cod-liver oil are not hydrogenated in the rumen before their absorption from the digestive tract, they can act directly on the mammary gland, possibly through the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase, to reduce the secretion of long-chain acids in milk. In addition, cod-liver oil may have an indirect effect, through changed volatile fatty acid production in the rumen, on the secretion of short-chain acids in milk.

scholarly journals The effects of intravenous infusions of triglycerides on the secretion of milk fat in the cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
B. Tuckley ◽  
A. J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Successive Addition ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

1. Artificial emulsions of nine synthetic triglycerides ranging from tripropionin to triolein were given as continuous infusions into the jugular vein of lactating cows for periods of 2 days. The effects of these infusions on the composition of blood lipids and on the secretion of the component fatty acids in milk were examined.2. Tricaproin, tricaprylin, tripelargonin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin and triolein, in contrast to tripropionin and tributyrin, increased the yields in milk of the acid contained in the triglyceride. The increased yield of acid was positively correlated with chain length of the infused triglyceride, and with triglycerides above tricaprin the transfer of fatty acid to milk was sufficiently large to give consistently increased yields of total milk fat.3. The infusions increased the concentrations in blood plasma of cholesterol, phospholipid and in some experiments also of triglyceride. Concentrations of these lipids returned to normal by 2 days after the infusion. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma triglycerides were not affected by the infusion of triglycerides up to tripelargonin but with triglycerides longer than this the plasma triglycerides were altered in composition towards that of the infused triglyceride.4. Short- and intermediate-chain fatty acids of the infused triglycerides were elongated by the successive addition of two carbon units to give increased yields in milk of acids ranging up to C15 and C16 when they contained acids with an even and odd number of carbon atoms respectively. Possible interference with the conversion of stearic into oleic acid in the mammary gland owing to the infused emulsions is also discussed.

scholarly journals The effects of intravenous infusions of triglycerides on the composition of milk fat in the sow

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Witter ◽  
J. Spincer ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
K. G. Towers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Eicosenoic Acid ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Palmitic Acid Content ◽  
Lactating Sows

1. Emulsions with egg phosphatides of nine synthetic triglycerides (tributyrin, tricaprylin, tripelargonin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin, tripahitin, triisostearin, triolein) and of rapeseed oil and a proprietary emulsion of cottonseed oil were given as continuous infusions into the jugular vein of lactating sows. The effects of the infusions on the concentration and composition of blood plasma lipids and on the composition of milk fat were determined.2. The infusions did not affect the concentrations in blood plasma of cholesterol, phospholipid or cholesterol esters, but there was a tendency for the concentration of plasma triglycerides to be increased which was most pronounced for the infusions of longer-chain triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of the plasma triglycerides was not altered by the infusion of tributyrin, except that there was an increase in the content of oleic and a decrease in that of linoleic acid. With other infusions the composition of the plasma triglycerides was altered towards that of the infused material and the effect was more marked for the longer-chain triglycerides, with the exception of triisostearin.3. The changes in the composition of the milk fat reflected those in the composition of plasma triglycerides, with two exceptions. The infusion of tripalmitin was associated with an increase not only in the palmitic acid content of milk fat but also in the palmitoleic acid content. Also, the changes in the content in milk fat of eicosenoic acid and, more especially of erucic acid during the infusion of rapeseed oil were much less than the corresponding changes in the plasma triglycerides.

scholarly journals Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne U. Gjøen ◽  
L. R. Njaa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect On Growth

1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet.2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when tested as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine.3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth.4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meals used were low in cystine.5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given.6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF THE DRUG "E-SELENIUM" ON THE DISPERSION OF MILK FAT IN COW'S MILK

2021 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
L.G. Kashirina ◽  
◽  
K.I. Romanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Group

The antioxidant drug "E-selenium" was used to reduce the processes of LPO in the body of fresh cows. Two groups were formed from the analogous cows of the black-and-white breed: The Control was intact, Experienced received the antioxidant drug injection at a dose of 10 ml at the rate of 1 ml per 50 kg of live weight per head for 4 months of lactation from the second. The diets of animals of all groups were the same, balanced in nutrients and met the standards of the RAAS. The duration of the experiment was 150 days. During the period from the 3rd to the 5th month of lactation, there was a positive dynamic in increasing the number of fat globules in the milk of cows of the Experimental group. By the end of the 4th month, it was higher than the Control by 8.9 %. This confirms the active effect of the drug "E-selenium", which contributes to a positive dynamic in increasing the size of fat globules. Non-enzymatic antioxidant tocopherol is an active element of the anti-oxidative system. Selenium stimu-lates the body's own antioxidant system. In both experimental groups, the relationship between the concentration of peroxidation products and the quantitative composition of fat globules and their size was established. In the milk of cows of the Experimental group, the oxidation processes were inhibited by neutralizing the products (POL), increasing the number of large fat globules and the total fat content in the milk.

SUPPLEMENTATION WITH PROTECTED LIPID AS A MEANS OF ALLEVIATING "SPRING PASTURE" INDUCED MILK FAT DEPRESSION

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Daily Milk

Thirty-six lactating cows, after their first week on spring pasture, were subdivided into three groups of 12 cows each and assigned to one of three pelleted grain mixtures containing 0, 5 or 10% protected lipid. These grain mixtures were fed in the milking parlor at the rate of 1.0 kg/4.0 kg of milk yield for a period of 14 days and then the cows were switched to the next ration in the sequence. Milk yield and grain intake were recorded daily. Milk samples for fat, protein and lactose determinations were taken during the last week of the drylot feeding period, during the preliminary pasture period and on the last 2 days of each experimental period. The change in feeding system from drylot to pasture resulted in an average decrease of 0.65 and 0.10 percentage units in milk fat and lactose contents, respectively, and an increase of 0.27 of a percentage unit in protein content. Refusals of the grain mixture were greater (P < 0.05) but milk yields per kilogram of grain intake were higher (P < 0.05) for grain mixtures containing 10% protected lipid than for the control ration. Protected lipid was not effective in countering the milk fat depression caused by the onset of the spring grazing season. The feeding of protected lipid at the rate of 5 and 10% resulted in only a 10 and 27% recovery in total fat yield compared to cows fed the control ration.

The effect of protein source on the performance of suckling Chios ewes and Damascus goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou ◽  
E. Georghiades ◽  
A. Koumas
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Supplemental Protein

AbstractTwo trials, one with 36 twin-suckling Chios ewes and the other with 32 twin-suckling Damascus goats, were conducted to study the effect of protein source (fish meal v. soya-bean meal) on the pre-weaning milk yield of the dams, and the growth performance of their offspring. The control (C) concentrate mixture was similar in both trials, using soya-bean meal (SBM) (195 kg/t) as a source of supplemental protein. In the experimental diet (FME) of the ewe trial, SBM was replaced completely by fish meal (FM) whereas in the goat trial (FMG) 83 kg of SBM were replaced by 50 kg FM. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of the three isonitrogenous mixtures were measured using nylon bags incubated in the rumens (2, 6, 16, 24 and 32 h) of three Damascus goats. There were no significant differences between mixtures for DM and CP effective degradability at 005 per h outflow rate. At 0·08 per h outflow rate however, lower degradability values were obtained with the FME than with the C diet. There were differences in the effective CP degradability of SBM and FM used in the ewe trial, but the FM used in the goat trial was of higher CP degradability and similar to that of SBM. Ewes on FM produced more milk than those on the control diet (C 3·44 v. FME 3·84 kg/day), whereas milk yield of goats was similar in the two treatments (C 3·87 v. FMG 3·82 kg/day). There were no differences between treatments for ewe milk fat (C 44 v. FME 43 g/kg) or protein concentration (C 54 v. FME 53 g/kg). Goats on fish meal (FMG) produced milk of higher protein (C 37 v. FMG 40 g/kg), but of similar fat (C 42 v. FMG 43 g/kg) concentration to those on the SBM (C) diet. With the exception of the better conversion (milk: gain ratio) efficiency (C 5·17 v. FME 4·44) of male lambs sucking ewes on the FM diet, no other differences were observed in the performance of lambs or kids. Lambs consumed less milk than kids (lambs: males 4·69, females 5·13; kids: males 6·63, females 6·98) per unit of weight gain.

scholarly journals The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
R. T. Evans ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum.2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo.3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P< 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P< 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net gain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage.4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P< 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum.5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.

Effects of Diet on Blood Lipids In Man

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ancel Keys ◽  
Joseph T Anderson ◽  
Flaminio Fidanza ◽  
Margaret Haney Keys ◽  
Bengt Swahn
Keyword(s):  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Serum Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract 1. Lipids exist in the blood serum as emulsions ("chylomicrons") and as solutions of lipoprotein containing proteins, cholesterol, and other lipids. Interest in relation to atherosclerosis is centered on the cholesterol and the beta lipoproteins which contain most of the cholesterol. 2. The diet influences the blood lipids in man and animals but great quantitative differences between species makes it essential to study man himself to discover the effects of the diet on the blood lipids in man. 3. The amount of lipid in the chylomicron form in the serum is practically independent of the concentration of cholesterol and lipoproteins in the serum. The correlation between the concentrations of alpha and beta lipoproteins is very low. 4. Experiments on man show that dietary cholesterol per Se, even in large amount, has no important influence on the serum cholesterol concentration but that the latter is markedly affected by the total fat content of the diet. 5. Calorie intake per se has little influence on the blood lipids. Such effect as it has may be secondary to fat metabolism differences commonly associated with differences in calorie intakes. 6. Studies on population samples of healthy men show a marked direct relationship between the content or proportion of fat in the diet on the one hand and the concentration of total cholesterol and of beta lipoproteins in the serum on the other. The effect of the diet tends to be greater in middle-aged men than in younger men. 7. The average concentration of cholesterol in the serum of men in areas where the diets are very high in fats (of the order of 40 per cent of calories), is 25 to 50 per cent greater than the average in areas where the diets are low in fats (of the order of 20 per cent, or less, of calories). 8. A significant effect of dietary fat level on the serum cholesterol concentration is evident in man in a few weeks on a changed diet. The effect tends to increase very slowly with time thereafter and it is most pronounced when comparison is made between populations habitually subsisting on different diets. 9. It is not known how the dietary fat intake exerts its controlling influence on the blood lipids of man but the mechanisms must be complex.

scholarly journals Dietary Supplementation of a Live Yeast Product on Dairy Sheep Milk Performance, Oxidative and Immune Status in Peripartum Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandros Mavrommatis ◽  
Christina Mitsiopoulou ◽  
Christos Christodoulou ◽  
Dimitris Karabinas ◽  
Valentin Nenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Peripartum Period ◽  
Yeast Product ◽  
Live Yeast

This study evaluated the dietary administration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live yeast on milk performance and composition, oxidative status of both blood plasma and milk, and gene expression related to the immune system of lactating ewes during the peripartum period. Chios ewes were fed either a basal diet (BD) (Control, n = 51) or the BD supplemented with 2 g of a live yeast product/animal (ActiSaf, n = 53) from 6 weeks prepartum to 6 weeks postpartum. Fatty acid profile, oxidative, and immune status were assessed in eight ewes per treatment at 3 and 6 weeks postpartum. The β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration in blood of ActiSaf fed ewes was significantly lower in both pre- and postpartum periods. A numerical increase was found for the milk yield, fat 6% corrected milk (Fat corrected milk (FCM6%)), and energy corrected milk yield (ECM) in ActiSaf fed ewes, while daily milk fat production tended to increase. The proportions of C15:0, C16:1, C18:2n6t, and C18:3n3 fatty acids were increased in milk of ActiSaf fed ewes, while C18:0 was decreased. Glutathione reductase in blood plasma was increased (p = 0.004) in ActiSaf fed ewes, while total antioxidant capacity measured by 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method was decreased (p < 0.001). Higher ABTS values were found in the milk of the treated group. The relative transcript levels of CCL5, CXCL16, and IL8 were suppressed, while that of IL1B tended to decrease (p = 0.087) in monocytes of ActiSaf fed ewes. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of ewes with S. cerevisiae, improved the energy utilization and tended to enhance milk performance with simultaneous suppression on mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes during the peripartum period.

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