scholarly journals The effect of increasing amounts of dietary red palm oil on milk fat secretion in the cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Red Palm Oil ◽  
Total Fat

1. The effects, on the secretion in milk of fat and its component fatty acids, of supplementing a basal diet low in fat with red palm oil at three levels are reported.2. The secretion of total fat and of the fatty acids contained in the oil supplement was positively correlated with the dietary intakes, except for linoleic acid which was hydrogenated in the rumen before its absorption and secretion in milk.3. Evidence for the synthesis de novo of palmitic acid and for the possible depression of intramammary de novo synthesis by high levels of dietary fat is discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on milk fat secretion in the cow

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
A. J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Triglyceride Fraction ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake

1. Two experiments are described in which the effects of dietary fat on the synthesis of milk fat in the dairy cow have been investigated. In the first experiment a change-over design was used with two cows to study the effect of removing a mixed-oil supplement to a basal diet low in fat on the concentration and composition of plasma lipids and on the yield and composition of milk fat.2. Reducing the dietary fat intake from about 430 to 170 g/day caused falls in the concentrations in plasma of phospholipid and of free and esterified cholesterol and, in one cow, also of triglyceride. The changes in composition and concentration of the fatty acids in the plasma triglyceride fraction also reflected changes in dietary intake of fatty acids. No effect of dietary fat intake on the total synthesis of milk fat was observed, but the composition of the milk fat reflected that of the dietary fat, and the yields of lauric, myristic, stearic and oleic acids were decreased in association with a decreased dietary intake of these acids.3. In the second experiment the effect of supplementing a basal diet low in fat with either coconut, red palm or groundnut oil on the composition and yield of milk fat was studied in four cows using a 4 x 4 Latin square design balanced with respect to residual effects.4. With each oil, increasing the dietary fat intake from about 100 to 400 g/day significantly increased the total yield of milk fat. Also, coconut and red palm oils significantly increased the fat content of milk, and groundnut oil the yield of milk.5. With the exception of linoleic and palmitic acids, the increased dietary intake of the major fatty acids characteristic of the various oil supplements led to increased yields of these acids in the milk.

Effect of feeding fat to dairy cows receiving a fat-deficient basal diet: I. Milk yield and composition

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Banks ◽  
J. L. Clapperton ◽  
Morag E. Ferrie ◽  
Agnes G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Dietary Oils ◽  
Soya Oil

SummaryThe effects of supplementing a basal diet, in which the low level of fatty acids limited milk production, with soya oil, a palm oil/palmitic acid mixture and tallow, on the yield of milk and of its constituents, and on the composition of the milk, are reported. The yields of milk and milk fat were greatly increased by all the oil-supplemented diets; the mean daily yield of solids-not-fat (SNF) was also increased, but supplementation with soya oil caused the yield of crude protein (CP) to decrease, whereas the other fat-rich concentrate mixtures gave the same mean yield of protein as did the low-fat, control diet. All 3 oil-supplemented diets lowered the proportion of CP in the milk, but the SNF content was unchanged by any treatment. Dietary soya oil tended to lower the proportion of fat in the milk, whilst the palm oil/palmitic acid mixture raised it, with the tallow exerting no effect. The results are discussed in relation to previous work in which these dietary oils have been used, but in which the intake of fatty acids from the control diets did not limit milk production to the extent reported here.

The effects of increasing amounts of dietary tallow on milk-fat secretion in the cow

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Transfer To Milk

SummaryThe effects of 2, 4, 7 and 10% supplements of tallow to a basal diet low in fat on the composition of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and on the secretion in milk of fat and its component fatty acids are reported. There were no significant effects of the tallow on rumen VFA or on the secretion of total milk fat. The yields in milk of stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids were positively correlated and those of palmitic (16:0) and myristic (14:0) acids negatively correlated with their respective dietary intakes. Apart from butyric acid which increased, the yields of other short-chain acids synthesized within the mammary gland decreased with increased intake of tallow. Possible factors influencing the output of total milk fat through a balance between increased transfer to milk of dietary fatty acids and decreased intramammary synthesis of fatty acids are discussed.

Synthesis of milk fat and opportunities for nutritional manipulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 201-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractMilk fat consists of approximately 960-980 g of triacylglycerol, 20-25 g of 1,2-diacylglycerol, 10 g of phospholipid, 5g of cholesterol and very small quantities of free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol per kg. There are three stages in milk fat biosynthesis: the accumulation of fatty acids in the mammary cells through de-novo synthesis or absorption from the blood stream, triacylglycerol construction and fat globule assembly and secretion. Fatty acids in mammary secretory cells arise from two sources. Those having between 4 and 14 carbon atoms are synthesised de-novo in the mammary gland whereas those with 18 carbon atoms are of dietary origin and are absorbed from the blood stream. Palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms) is supplied almost equally from the diet and de-novo synthesis. In ruminants the principal sources of carbon for fatty acid synthesis are acetic acid and b-hydroxybutyrate.Alteration of milk fat concentration is achieved by changimore spreadable butter. Monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet have been shown to have beneficial effects on the plasma lipoprotein indicators of coronary heart disease risk. From a human nutrition point of view it could be beneficial to incorporate the long chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexanoic (C22:6) acids, into milk fat. The principal source of these fatty acids is fish oil but research to date indicates that their transfer into milk fat is inefficient. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term describing one or more positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 C18:2). CLA has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity, antiatherogenic activity, an ability to reduce the catabolic effects of immune stimulation and an ability to enhance growth promotion and reduce body fat. It is present in ruminant milk and meat as a result of biohydrogenation in the rumen where it is an intermediate. Its concentration in bovine milk fat is influenced by dietary factors such as pasture feeding and supplementation with full fat oilseeds. Two other components of bovine milk fat which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties are butyric acid and sphingomyelin and their concentration warrants further study. It is likely that research will continue into means of manipulating both the content and composition of milk fat but ultimately the adoption of any of the strategies in practice is likely to depend on strong economic or consumer imperatives.ng either the level of de-novo synthesis in the mammary gland or the supply of long chain fatty acids in the diet. Dietary factors that affect the supply of acetic acid from the rumen for de-novo synthesis include fibre quantity and quality, forage to concentrate ratio, buffer inclusion, concentrate composition and concentrate feeding frequency. The effects of fat supplements on fat concentration are variable. In general, feeding rumen protected fat increases milk fat concentration whereas moderate amounts of unprotected unsaturated fat tend to decrease it.Most nutritional manipulation has been directed at increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat in order to enhance its appeal to the consumer and to produce a softer fat. A more spreadable butter could be produced from such fat thus overcoming a major criticism of conventional butter.If unsaturated fatty acids are fed to ruminants in an unprotected form rumen microbial digestion can be impaired and the unsaturated fatty acids are extensively saturated in the rumen. One strategy to overcome this is to include unsaturated fatty acids in a form protected from microbial digestion in the rumen. This resulted in the production of polyunsaturated milk fat from which a low melting point butter was produced. This product was predisposed to oxidative deterioration. More recently whole oilseeds have been fed to dairy cows. The unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids in these seeds are hydrogenated in the rumen but the activity of a D-9 desaturase in the mammary gland and to a lesser extent the intestine converts the stearic acid (C18:0) to the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1). Milk fat rich in oleic acid is softer than conventional milk fat allowing the manufacture of a more spreadable butter. Monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet have been shown to have beneficial effects on the plasma lipoprotein indicators of coronary heart disease risk.From a human nutrition point of view it could be beneficial to incorporate the long chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexanoic (C22:6) acids, into milk fat. The principal source of these fatty acids is fish oil but research to date indicates that their transfer into milk fat is inefficient. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term describing one or more positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 C18:2). CLA has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity, antiatherogenic activity, an ability to reduce the catabolic effects of immune stimulation and an ability to enhance growth promotion and reduce body fat. It is present in ruminant milk and meat as a result of biohydrogenation in the rumen where it is an intermediate. Its concentration in bovine milk fat is influenced by dietary factors such as pasture feeding and supplementation with full fat oilseeds. Two other components of bovine milk fat which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties are butyric acid and sphingomyelin and their concentration warrants further study.It is likely that research will continue into means of manipulating both the content and composition of milk fat but ultimately the adoption of any of the strategies in practice is likely to depend on strong economic or consumer imperative.

The composition of ewe's milk fat during early and late lactation

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Noble ◽  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Ewe's Milk ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
A Minor

SummaryThe composition of ewe's milk during the first 4 days of lactation and on the 100th day of lactation was investigated. The total fat content was highest (17· 9%) on the day of parturition but decreased rapidly to reach a level on the 2nd day after parturition that was similar to that observed on the 100th day of lactation (9·9 %).The concentration of octadecenoic acid, which was the major fatty acid of ewe's milk, was very much higher in early lactation than in late lactation. As the concentration of octadecenoic acid decreased the concentration of the shorter chain fatty acids (6:0−14:0) increased. The major octadecenoic acid was the cis-9 isomer. However, the proportion of the trans-11 isomer increased from 5·5 % of the total octadecenoic acid concentration in early lactation to 11·9 % in late lactation. Although linoleic acid remained a minor component of the fatty acids of the milk during lactation, its concentration increased from less than 1 % during early lactation to 1·4 % by the 100th day of lactation.

scholarly journals Influence of Dietary Fish Oil on Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Other Fatty Acids in Milk Fat from Lactating Dairy Cows

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 2620-2628 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Donovan ◽  
D.J. Schingoethe ◽  
R.J. Baer ◽  
J. Ryali ◽  
A.R. Hippen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Fish

scholarly journals Dietary Fat and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes during Childhood Are Prospectively Associated with Puberty Timing Independent of Dietary Protein

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Yujie Xu ◽  
Jingyuan Xiong ◽  
Wanke Gao ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Shufang Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Total Fat

Dietary fat and fat quality have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective associations of dietary fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) with puberty timing. Using longitudinal data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth (SCCNG) Study, we analyzed dietary data, anthropometric measurements, and potential confounders. Dietary intakes were assessed by 3-day 24-h recalls. Age at Tanner stage 2 for breast/genital development (B2/G2) and age at menarche/voice break (M/VB) were used as puberty development markers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relevance of dietary intake of total fat, SFA, PUFA, and MUFA on puberty timing. Among 3425 girls and 2495 boys, children with higher intakes of total fat and PUFA were more likely to reach their B2/G2 or M/VB at an earlier age. Associations were not attenuated on additional adjustment for childhood dietary protein intake. However, higher intakes of SFA or MUFA were not independently associated with puberty development. A higher intake of dietary fat and PUFA in prepuberty was associated with earlier puberty timing, which was independent of dietary protein intake.

Persistency of milk trans-18:1 isomers and rumenic acid in Holstein cows over a full lactation

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riazuddin Mohammed ◽  
Reza Khorasani ◽  
Laksiri Goonewardene ◽  
John Kramer ◽  
John Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Barley Silage

Mohammed, R., Khorasani, R. G., Goonewardene, L. A., Kramer, J. K. G. and Kennelly, J. J. 2011. Persistency of milk trans-18:1 isomers and rumenic acid in Holstein cows over a full lactation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 147–167. A long-term lactation study was undertaken to determine whether the previously reported short-term persistency in vaccenic acid [VA; trans(t)11-18:1] and rumenic acid (RA) could be maintained. To test this hypothesis, 24 Holstein cows were allotted to two experimental diets (control and test) from 2 wk before calving until they were 270 d in milk (DIM). The test diet was similar to the control diet, but supplemented with sunflower seed (11.2% diet DM), fish oil (0.5%) and monensin (22 mg/kg DM) by replacing an equivalent amount of barley grain. The forage: concentrate ratio was 50:50 (DM basis) with 35% barley silage and 15% alfalfa hay. Milk was sampled every fortnight from the start of lactation until cows were 270 DIM. Data obtained were averaged into three equal periods of 90 d each, representing three stages of lactation (SOL): early-lactation (EL), mid-lactation (ML) and late-lactation (LL). Dry matter intakes were not different between treatments with greater intakes observed during ML than during EL or LL. Milk yield was not different between treatments and decreased with increasing DIM. Milk fat content and yield showed interaction between treatment and SOL with lower values observed for the test diet than control diet during EL and ML. De novo synthesized fatty acids (4:0–15:0), 16:0–16:1 and preformed fatty acids (17:0 and above) showed interaction between treatment and SOL with the former two being greater for control diet than test diet and the latter greater for the test diet than control diet within each SOL. Milk t10-18:1 (% fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) was greater for the test diet compared with control diet (4.38 vs. 1.32) and was greater during ML (3.79) than during EL (2.38) or LL (2.38). Milk VA and RA showed interactions between treatment and SOL with greater values observed for the test diet than the control diet within each SOL. When analyzed by treatment, milk VA was not different across SOL for both diets. Milk RA was not different across SOL for the test diet, but was different for the control diet; it was lower during EL than during ML. Step-wise regression analysis revealed that the variability in milk RA for the control diet (P<0.01; R2=0.97) was determined by VA (70%) and RA/VA (27%); and for the test diet (P<0.01; R2=0.987) by VA (88.7%), RA/VA (5%) and t10-18:1 (3.8%). Desaturase index based on RA/VA showed an interaction between treatment and SOL; it was greater for the control diet than the test diet within each SOL. Overall findings revealed that the differences in milk t10- and VA across SOL reflected possible differences in starch and PUFA intakes, respectively. Differences in milk RA across SOL for the control diet could be attributed to possible differences in mammary desaturase activity based on differences in RA/VA.

Independent effects of dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids on the conjugated linoleic acid content of cows’ milk

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Lock ◽  
P.C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Low Linolenic Acid ◽  
Low Linolenic

AbstractIt may be desirable to increase the level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk as a health benefit in human nutrition. The purpose of this work was to separate the effects of linoleic and linolenic acids on CLA production in dairy cows and to determine to what extent endogenous synthesis contributes to cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration in milk fat. Eight lactating cows and four non-lactating duodenal fistulated cows were used in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. All cows received a basal diet of grass silage that was supplemented with one of four concentrates, which were designed to differ in their linoleic and linolenic acid contents. The oil components of the concentrates were produced from mixtures of olive, linseed, rape, soya and sunflower oils to produce the four treatments: low linoleic/ low linolenic acid (LL), low linoleic/high linolenic acid (LH), high linoleic/low linolenic acid (HL) and high linoleic/ high linolenic acid (HH). Milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents were 0·8, 0·9, 0·9 and 1·1 g/100 g fatty acid methyl esters (P < 0·05) and yields were 5, 7, 7 and 8 g/day (P < 0·05) for the LL, LH, HL and HH treatments, respectively. The yields of trans-C18:1 fatty acids in milk were 19, 22, 21 and 23 g/day (P < 0·05), respectively. Taking the data for the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content and flow of duodenal fluid from the fistulated cows and representing this in terms of dietary intake by the lactating animals, the amounts of cis-9, trans-11 CLA produced in the rumen were calculated to be 0·8, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·1 g/day (P < 0·05) and for trans-C18:1 fatty acids 58, 58, 66 and 69 g/day (P < 0·05). Increasing linoleic and/or linolenic acids in the diet can increase the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of cows’ milk. Only diets high in linoleic acid increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen. On all four diets, more than 80% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk was produced endogenously by Δ9-desaturase from trans-11 C18:1 in the mammary gland. Cows on the same diet have different milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations that may be partially explained by differences in Δ9-desaturase activity between cows. Increasing the activity of Δ9-desaturase in the mammary gland may offer greater potential for enhancing the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of milk fat than increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen.

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