scholarly journals The absorption of long-chain fatty acids from the small intestine of the sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen M. Lennox ◽  
G. A. Garton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Different Parts

1. Three sheep, each of which was fitted with a rumen cannula and with two pairs of reentrant cannulas in different parts of the small intestine, were used in this study. They were fed on dried grass cubes or hay plus linseed meal and oats: an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was infused continuously into the rumen.2. Total lipids were extracted from samples of the chyme entering and leaving the different lengths of the small intestine embraced by the respective cannulas. The lipids were fractionated into unesterified fatty acids, neutral lipids and phospholipids and the contribution of each fraction to the total fatty acids was determined. The samples were also analysed for their PEG content, thus affording an index of the extent to which water had been absorbed from each particular length of intestine.3. From the above findings and a knowledge of the flow-rate of the digesta, the uptake of unesterified fatty acids and the degree of dissimilation or uptake, or of both, of esterified fatty acids was calculated.4. The results indicated that, by the time the digesta reached the ileum (i.e. the distal half of the small intestine), the uptake of fatty acids was almost complete, as was also the hydrolytic release of esterified fatty acids.5. Though there were no gross differences in the overall composition of the unesterified and esterified fatty acids in different parts of the small intestine, it appeared that C18 mono-unsaturated acid, the principal unsaturated unesterified acid, was absorbed somewhat more efficiently than were the major saturated acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid).

scholarly journals Observations on the nature and origin of lipids in the small intestine of the sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen M. Lennox ◽  
A. K. Lough ◽  
G. A. Garton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Proportional Contribution ◽  
Conjugated Bile Acids

1. Total lipids were extracted from digesta obtained from the rumen, abomasum and upper small intestine (jejunum) of each of four slaughtered sheep. The lipids were fractionated into unesterified fatty acids, neutral lipids and phospholipids and the proportional contribution of each fraction to the total fatty acids was determined.2. The contribution made by phospholipids to the total fatty acids in the digesta showed a marked increase in the samples from the small intestine compared with those from the rumen and abomasum. This increase was apparently due to the presence of biliary phospholipids.3. Total lipids and conjugated bile acids were extracted from sheep bile, the lipids were fractionated and their fatty-acid composition was determined. Phospholipids predominated and these consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine, together with some lysophosphatidylcholine.4. Both phospholipids contained significant amounts of unsaturated C18 components which could account, at least in part, for the previously reported increament to the proportion of these acids in the digesta when it enters the upper jejunum.5. The overall fatty acid compositions of the two biliary phospholipids were very similar and, in common with other naturally occurring phosphatidylcholines, the fatty acids present in position 2 of the phosphatidylcholine of bile were found to consist almost entirely of unsaturated components.6. Total lipids and conjugated bile acids were extracted from samples of digesta obtained from three sheep with cannulas in different positions in the jejunum. Analysis of the lipids indicated that biliary phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylcholine, underwent progressive hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen.7. The distribution of conjugated bile acids, unesterified fatty acids and phospholipids between the solid (particulate) and liquid (micellar) phases of the intestinal digesta was determined. These chyme constituents were, for the most part, associated with the particulate matter and thus, at any given time, it appears that only a small fraction of the total fatty acids is available for absorption in micellar form. It is suggested that the micellar solubilization of fatty acids may be facilitated by the presence of lysophosphatidylcholine.

Estimation of Lipid Fractions of Blood Plasma

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre C Kibrick ◽  
S J Skupp
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Volumetric Method ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Entire Procedure

Abstract The Allen volumetric method for plasma fat has been modified by calibration to include the percentage of olive-oil recovery. The values obtained from calibration with mercury are corrected for the 125 per cent recovery of the oil. The validity of the entire procedure has been discussed. A simple system of estimating the lipid fractions of plasma has been described. Total lipids are the total of Allen fat + (25 x lipid P). Neutral fat is Allen fat-cholesterol-cholesterol fatty acids. Total fatty acids are X neutral fat + cholesterol fatty acids + (0.64 x phospholipids). The values of total fatty acids have been compared with those obtained by oxidation with dichromate and by determining the esterified fatty acids with iron perchlorate. The values of neutral fat found in 13 apparently normal individuals are shown to range from 0 to 88 and to give an average value of 28 mg./100 ml.

Very long-chain fatty acids in neutral lipids and glycerophospholipids of adrenoleukodystrophy-cultured skin fibroblasts

1985 ◽  
Vol 71 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Sakai ◽  
Yasunobu Antoku ◽  
Ikuo Goto ◽  
Jun Ochiai ◽  
Hiroshi Iwashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Skin Fibroblasts ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Cultured Skin ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The digestion of safflower oil-casein particles protected against ruminal hydrogenation in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
PJ Connell ◽  
SC Mills
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Three sheep were offered lucerne hay either alone or with a supplement of safflower oil-casein particles protected from microbial digestion by treatment with formaldehyde. The supplement provided an additional 70 g of long chain fatty acids and 9 g nitrogen. It was estimated that, as a result of providing the supplement, additional nutrients derived from the small intestine included about 10 g of nitrogen and 60 g of long chain fatty acids. About 38 g of these fatty acids was absorbed in polyunsaturated form. With the basal diet, negligible amounts of polyunsaturated acids were absorbed from the small intestine. The addition of safflower oil-casein particles was associated with slight but significant increases in the flow of digesta from the abomasum but had no effect on the volume of water in the rumen or on the rates of flow from the rumen or terminal ileum. It was calculated that the supplemented diet provided, per unit of organic matter intake, about 30% more metabolizable energy, 38% more net energy, and 70% more amino acids than the basal diet.

scholarly journals Influence of the Presence of Long Chain Fatty Acids (Lcfas) in the Sewage on the Growth of M. Parvicella in Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Filamentous Microorganism ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Foaming and bulking problems in activated sludge treatment plants are associated to the presence of a variety of filamentous bacteria. However, it has been observed that M. parvicella is the most frequent filamentous microorganism causing sludge bulking and foaming, especially in treatment plants involving nutrients removal. High sludge retention time, low DO, low temperature, presence of anoxic, anaerobic, and intermittently aerated zones, are the most commonly cited conditions associated with its growth. Substrate composition is another significant factor, as it has been found that slowly degradable organic material may favour the growth of M. parvicella. If has also been suggested that M. parvicella may preferably store long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) under anaerobic conditions and subsequently use it for growth. The paper presents the results of an investigation conducted at the wastewater treatment plant of Ioannina, aiming to establish a cause-effect relationship between the presence of LCFAs and the abundance of M. parvicella. This investigation is a part of a wider study sponsored by the Greek Secretariat for Research, under the PENED programme. The duration of the investigation covers 8 months, from January 2004 to August 2004. During this period samples were taken from the sewage collection network and wastewater treatment plant of Ioannina and analysed for, among other parameters, LCFAs and total fatty acids while samples of the mixed liquor and the foam in the biological reactors were microscopically analysed in order to determine the presence and amount of various types of filamentous bacteria. Two main conclusions were drawn. The first is related to the effect of temperature on the growth of M. parvicella, indicating that the growth of this specific filamentous bacterium is favoured by low temperatures (generally below 20 oC), while higher temperatures cause the practical elimination of M. parvicella, irrespectively of other factors. This conclusion verifies previous studies in pilot units and full scale plants. The second conclusion is that during winter periods there seems to be a positive correlation, between the presence of fatty acids and more specifically LCFAs and the amount of M. parvicella.

Intestinal digestion of subterranean clover by sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Quantitative studies have been made of digestion in the small and large intestines of sheep offered a diet of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneurn c.v. Clare) at levels approaching ad libitum. As in previous studies with a similar diet, most of the digestion of organic matter and of cell wall constituents occurred in the stomach; by contrast, the release of long-chain fatty acids and amino acids mainly occurred in the intestines. Although two-thirds of the dietary long-chain fatty acids were C18:2 and C 18: 3, hydrogenation in the rumen reduced their proportion to less than 20 % in the digesta leaving the stomach. The amounts of long-chain fatty acids that passed from the stomach were equivalent to about 127 % of intake. Approximately 70 % of these fatty acids were removed from the digestive tract subsequently, and most of the absorption occurred in the small intestine. The total amounts of these fatty acids absorbed from the intestines were equivalent to approximately 90% of the amount consumed, even though their apparent digestibility in the whole tract was only 61 %. Most of the nitrogen that passed from the stomach was in the form of amino acids. Of the 189 g amino acids that passed from the stomach, less than one-third reached the terminal ileum. The net losses of individual amino acids in the small intestine ranged from 66% to 84% of the amounts that passed from the stomach. It was estimated that approximately one-third of the organic matter and almost 60% of the nitrogen that passed from the stomach was present in bacterial cells. A major component of bacterial cell walls, diaminopimelic acid, was apparently not absorbed from the small intestine, though appreciable amounts of this amino acid were lost in the large intestine.

scholarly journals Very long-chain fatty acids are accumulated in triacylglycerol and nonesterified forms in colorectal cancer tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Hama ◽  
Yuko Fujiwara ◽  
Tamuro Hayama ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ozawa ◽  
Keijiro Nozawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Tissues ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cancer, and its precise diagnosis is especially important for the development of effective therapeutics. In a series of metabolome analyses, the levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) were shown to be elevated in CRC tissues, although the endogenous form of VLCFA has not been fully elucidated. In this study we analyzed the amount of nonesterified fatty acids, acyl-CoA species, phospholipids and neutral lipids such as cholesterylesters using liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry. Here we showed that VLCFA were accumulated in triacylglycerol (TAG) and nonesterified forms in CRC tissues. The levels of TAG species harboring a VLCFA moiety (VLCFA-TAG) were significantly correlated with that of nonesterified VLCFA. We also showed that the expression level of elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 1 (ELOVL1) is increased in CRC tissues, and the inhibition of ELOVL1 decreased the levels of VLCFA-TAG and nonesterified VLCFA in CRC cell lines. Our results suggest that the upregulation of ELOVL1 contributes to the accumulation of VLCFA-TAG and nonesterified VLCFA in CRC tissues.

Biosynthesis of Lipids Containing Isoricinoleic (9-Hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic) Acid in Seeds of Wrightia Species

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasih Ahmad ◽  
Kumar D. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Incubation ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Olefinic Bond ◽  
Developing Seeds ◽  
Seed Lipids ◽  
Long Chain

Seeds of two Wrightia species, i.e. W. tinctoria and W. coccinea, synthesize triacylglycerols containing isoricinoleoyl (9-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoyl, 9-OH-Δ1218:1) moieties as the major lipid constituents. Seed maturation is accompanied by lipid accumulation and steep increase in the level of 9-OH-Δ1218:1 in the total lipids, while relative proportions of palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), and linoleic (18:2) acids decrease. 9-Hydroxy stearic acid (9-OH-18:0) is also detected in these seed lipids, and both 9-OH-Δ1218:1 and 9-OH-18:0 occur exclusively in the neutral lipids of mature and developing seeds. Developing seeds of both Wrightia species synthesize upon incubation with sodium [1-14C]acetate, besides common long-chain fatty acids, considerable proportions of 9-OH-Δ1218:1 and 9-OH-18:0, which are predominantly esterified in triacylglycerols. Substantial proportions of radiolabeled 9-OH-Δ1218:1 and 9-OH-18:0 are also formed upon anaerobic incubation of the developing seeds with the ammonium salts of [1-14C]18:2 and [1-14C]18:1, respectively. The data presented suggest that hydration of the Ay olefinic bond of 18:2 is a possible pathway of synthesis of 9-OH-Δ1218:1, however, hydration of the Δ9 olefinic bond of 18:1 followed by Δ12 desaturation of 9-OH-18:0 cannot be ruled out.

The digestion of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) hay and seed pods by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Denney ◽  
JP Hogan ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Experiments were conducted to determine the digestion and utilization of barrel medic hay and pod fed separately to penned sheep. Estimates were made of intake and digestion in the whole tract. Rates of passage of digesta from the stomach and intestines were estimated by reference to radioactive markers. The organic matter of pod contained 23.8% crude protein, 5.2% long-chain fatty acids and 77.5% acid-detergent fibre including 19.9% lignin. Organic matter digestibility was only 24.3%, largely because of poor digestibility of fibre. Protein utilization was inefficient because of high loss of dietary protein in the rumen and poor digestibility in the small intestine. Only 20.3% of protein intake was absorbed from the small intestine. High loss of protein in the rumen was verified by high rumen ammonia levels, 52 mg nitrogen/100 ml rumen liquor. Long-chain fatty acids present in the pod diet, mainly in polyunsaturated form, were extensively hydrogenated in the stomach. Although only a small loss of fatty acids occurred in the stomach, 72% of the intake was absorbed from the small intestine. Pods provided only small amounts of nutrients, derived mainly from the digestion of seeds. However, energy derived from pods should be used efficiently, as a high proportion of absorbed nutrients consisted of long-chain fatty acids and amino acids. Barrel medic hay had an organic matter digestibility of 65% and contained 16.9% crude protein. Digestibility of organic matter in the stomach and intestines resembled that of lucerne, and it was concluded that barrel medic hay was similar in nutritive value to good quality lucerne hay.

Fatty acid regulation of fatty acid-binding protein expression in the small intestine

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. G289-G295 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Poirier ◽  
I. Niot ◽  
P. Degrace ◽  
M. C. Monnot ◽  
A. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Fabp Gene ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The effects of dietary oil intake and fatty acid infusions on the expression of intestinal and liver fatty acid-binding proteins (I-FABP and L-FABP, respectively) were investigated in the small intestine of mice. A daily force-feeding for 7 days with 0.2 ml sunflower oil specifically increased L-FABP mRNA and protein levels in duodenum and proximal jejunum. This upregulation was mediated in time- and dose-dependent manners by a minute quantity of linoleic acid, the main fatty acid found in sunflower oil. The L-FABP induction was only found with long-chain fatty acids, with the nonmetabolizable, substituted fatty acid alpha-bromopalmitate being far more active. A hormonally mediated effect is unlikely because long-chain fatty acids induced L-FABP mRNA in the Caco-2 cell line cultured in serum-free medium. Therefore, long-chain fatty acids are strong inducers of L-FABP gene expression in the small intestine. In contrast to data found in the rat, I-FABP gene expression appears to be unaffected by a lipid-enriched diet in the mouse.

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