scholarly journals Arginine in poultry nutrition

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Smith ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance ◽  
Poultry Nutrition ◽  
Excess Quantities

1. A series of trials has been conducted to investigate interactions between amino acids in the diet of the growing chick. 2. Diets were prepared in which the level of arginine was limiting. To these diets were added excess levels of lysine, histidine, isoleucine and leucine. Of these amino acids lysine was most effective in reducing the growth rate. Growth rate was restored by adding arginine. 3. The addition of excess quantities of lysine to a diet in which the level of tryptophan was limiting and the level of arginine adequate did not reduce growth rate. 4. These results confirm the existence of a specific interaction between arginine and lysine. The concept is discussed that such specific interactions between pairs or among small groups of amino acids might underly many of the phenomenons of amino acid imbalance.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Imbalance in the Liquid-fed Lamb

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
QR Rogers ◽  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Supplement ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Eleven Poll Dorset x Merino crossbred female lambs 4 weeks of age were trained to suck liquid diets from bottles. In three separate experiments liquid diets providing 14� 2 % (expt 1) 10� 6 % (expt 2) or 8�0 % (expt 3) of gross energy as protein and amino acids were fed. Responses in voluntary intake, growth rate and changes in plasma amino acid concentrations were studied when complete or incomplete mixtures of amino acids were added to the liquid diet. These mixtures supplied either: (1) all amino acids in quantities to bring the total of protein plus amino acids to provide more than 20% of dietary gross energy, the amino acids being provided in proportions estimated to meet adequately the lamb's requirements ('complete'); or (2) as the same total amount of amino acids but with the amino acid supplement devoid of threonine ('low-threonine', expts 1 and 2) or isoleucine ('low isoleucine', expt 3).

Effect of Amino Acid Imbalance on Plasma and Tissue Free Amino Acids in the Rat

1968 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M.-B. Leung ◽  
Q. R. Rogers ◽  
A. E. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance

The uptake of amino acids by mouse cells (strain LS) during growth in batch culture and chemostat culture: the influence of cell growth rate

1967 ◽  
Vol 168 (1013) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Yields ◽  
Acid Uptake

The uptake of thirteen essential amino acids by mouse LS cells in suspension culture was determined by bacteriological assay methods. Chemostat continuous-flow cultures were used to determine the effect of different cell growth rates on the quantitative amino acid requirements for growth. The growth yields of the cells ( Y = g cell dry weight produced/g amino acid utilized) were calculated for each of the essential amino acids. A mixture of the non-essential amino acids, serine, alanine and glycine increased the cell yield from the essential amino acids. The growth yields from nearly all the essential amino acids in batch culture were increased when glutamic acid was substituted for the glutamine in the medium. The growth yields from the amino acids in batch culture were much less at the beginning than at the end of the culture. The highest efficiencies of conversion of amino acids to cell material were obtained by chemostat culture. When glutamic acid largely replaced the glutamine in the medium the conversion of amino acid nitrogen to cell nitrogen was 100 % efficient (that is, the theoretical yield was obtained) at the optimum growth rate (cell doubling time, 43 h). The maximum population density a given amino acid mixture will support can be calculated from the data. It is concluded that in several routinely used tissue culture media the cell growth is limited by the amino acid supply. In batch culture glutamine was wasted by (1) its spontaneous decomposition to pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and ammonia, and (2) its enzymic breakdown to glutamic acid and ammonia, but also glutamine was used less efficiently than glutamic acid. Study of the influence of cell growth rate on amino acid uptake rates per unit mass of cells indicated that a marked change in amino acid metabolism occurred at a specific growth rate of 0.4 day -1 (cell doubling time, 43 h). With decrease in specific growth rate below 0.4 day -1 there was a marked stimulation of amino acid uptake rate per cell and essential amino acids were consumed increasingly for functions other than synthesis of cell material.

scholarly journals Multiple Transmembrane Amino Acid Requirements Suggest a Highly Specific Interaction between the Bovine Papillomavirus E5 Oncoprotein and the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta Receptor

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (16) ◽  
pp. 7976-7986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie M. Nappi ◽  
Lisa M. Petti
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽  
Helical Conformation ◽  
Bovine Papillomavirus ◽  
E5 Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACT The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein activates the cellular platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) tyrosine kinase in a ligand-independent manner. Evidence suggests that the small transmembrane E5 protein homodimerizes and physically interacts with the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR, thereby inducing constitutive dimerization and activation of this receptor. Amino acids in the receptor previously found to be required for the PDGFβR-E5 interaction are a transmembrane Thr513 and a juxtamembrane Lys499. Here, we sought to determine if these are the only two receptor amino acids required for an interaction with the E5 protein. Substitution of large portions of the PDGFβR transmembrane domain indicated that additional amino acids in both the amino and carboxyl halves of the receptor transmembrane domain are required for a productive interaction with the E5 protein. Indeed, individual amino acid substitutions in the receptor transmembrane domain identified roles for the extracellular proximal transmembrane residues in the interaction. These data suggest that multiple amino acids within the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR are required for a stable interaction with the E5 protein. These may be involved in direct protein-protein contacts or may support the proper transmembrane alpha-helical conformation for optimal positioning of the primary amino acid requirements.

High protein wheats for poultry. 1. Use in broiler diets

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (53) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Turner ◽  
GG Payne
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Factor ◽  
Protein Diets

High protein wheat was the sole cereal in 20 and 25 per cent crude protein broiler starter diets. On the. 25 per cent protein diet, performance was maximized without amino acid supplementation. Using high protein wheat in 20 per cent protein diets, growth rate was improved by l-lysine supplementation of 0.3 per cent. However, this growth rate was not at a maximum level. Some other dietary factor was necessary, and this did not appear to be essential amino acids, singly or in combination.

scholarly journals Studies on unidentified growth factors

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bunyan ◽  
Elspeth A. Murrell ◽  
M. A. Cawthorne ◽  
B. T. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Acid Diet ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
Organic Factor ◽  
Amino Acid Diet ◽  
Low Activity

1. Chicks at 10 d of age were given diets containing all the nutrients known to be required, with L-amino acids in place of protein. Dietary supplements were added isonitrogenously.2. Ox liver (100 g/kg) greatly improved the chicks' growth rate, whereas torula yeast (50 g/kg) was inactive. The activity of fresh moist liver was considered to be due largely to an organic factor, because of the inactivity of water and the low activity of liver ash.3. The growth rates of chicks receiving diets based upon casein and isolated soya-bean protein were significantly improved by the inclusion of 100 g fresh ox liver/kg, but not of 50 g torula yeast/kg.4. These results show that chicks receiving an amino acid diet require an organic growth factor (Progressin) that differs from the yeast factor required by rats receiving an amino acid diet.

The Contribution of Caseins to the Amino Acid Supply for Lactococcus lactis Depends on the Type of Cell Envelope Proteinase

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1991-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicte Flambard ◽  
Sandra Helinck ◽  
Jean Richard ◽  
Vincent Juillard
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Rate Limiting

ABSTRACT The ability of caseins to fulfill the amino acid requirements ofLactococcus lactis for growth was studied as a function of the type of cell envelope proteinase (PI versus PIII type). Two genetically engineered strains of L. lactis that differed only in the type of proteinase were grown in chemically defined media containing αs1-, β-, and κ-caseins (alone or in combination) as the sources of amino acids. Casein utilization resulted in limitation of the growth rate, and the extent of this limitation depended on the type of casein and proteinase. Adding different mixtures of essential amino acids to the growth medium made it possible to identify the nature of the limitation. This procedure also made it possible to identify the amino acid deficiency which was growth rate limiting for L. lactis in milk (S. Helinck, J. Richard, and V. Juillard, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2124–2130, 1997) as a function of the type of proteinase. Our results were compared with results from previous in vitro experiments in which casein degradation by purified proteinases was examined. The results were in agreement only in the case of the PI-type proteinase. Therefore, our results bring into question the validity of the in vitro approach to identification of casein-derived peptides released by a PIII-type proteinase.

604. The importance of lactobacilli in the production of flavour in cheddar cheese: I. Growth of lactobacilli in cheese serum

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Mabbitt ◽  
M. Zielinska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance

1. The serum prepared by subjecting Cheddar cheese to pressure becomes inhibitory to the growth of lactobacilli as the cheese ripens.2. One factor responsible for the inhibitory phenomena is the increasing osmotic pressure of the serum due mainly to the increasing amounts of amino-acids present.3. Observations made during the ripening of a normal Cheddar cheese suggest that other factors, e.g. amino-acid imbalance, are also important.

scholarly journals Effects of D-Amino Acids on Growth Rate and Kidney D-Amino Acid Oxidase in Chicks

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H.K. de MORAES ◽  
J.C. ROGLER ◽  
W.R. FEATHERSTON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase
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