Effectiveness of the defence mechanism of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), against predation by lizards

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vlieger ◽  
P.M. Brakefield ◽  
C. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Athalia Rosae ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Easy Bleeding

AbstractThe turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae Linnaeus, is a pest on cruciferous crops. Larvae sequester secondary plant compounds, namely glucosinolates, in their haemolymph. When attacked, their integument is easily disrupted and a droplet of haemolymph is exuded (‘easy bleeding’). This has been shown to be an effective, chemical-based, defence against invertebrate predators. The efficiency of this proposed defence was tested against a vertebrate predator, using groups of the iguanid lizard Anolis carolinensis Voigt as a model predator. Caterpillars of Pieris rapae Linnaeus and Pieris brassicae Linnaeus served as control prey species that do not sequester glucosinolates. Lizards attacked far fewer sawfly larvae than pierid caterpillars. Several of the sawfly larvae were rejected after an initial attack, demonstrating unpalatability to the lizards, while the Pieris larvae were not rejected. However, P. rapae larvae topically treated with extracts of haemolymph of A. rosae had no deterrent effect on the lizards and no avoidance learning occurred over a period of two weeks. Adult sawflies do not easy bleed but have glucosinolates carried over from the larval stage. Lizards attacked them at a higher rate than larvae and they were never rejected. The results suggest that for the defensive effectiveness of the pest sawfly species against vertebrates the chemical cue is not necessarily sufficient. Movement and colour may be important additional factors triggering the behaviour of vertebrate predators.

Trophic Cascades in Grasslands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Wilsey
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Cascading Effect ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Ecology Of Fear

Top predators have effects that can ‘cascade down’ on lower trophic levels. Because of this cascading effect, it matters how many trophic levels are present. Predators are either ‘sit and wait’ or ‘active’. Wolves are top predators in temperate grasslands and can alter species composition of smaller-sized predators, prey, and woody and herbaceous plant species, either through direct effects or indirect effects (‘Ecology of Fear’). In human derived grasslands, invertebrate predators fill a similar ecological role as wolves. Migrating populations of herbivores tend to be more limited by food than non-migratory populations. The phenology and synchrony of births vary among prey species in a way that is consistent with an adaptation to predation. Precocious species have highly synchronous birth dates to satiate predators. Non-precocious species (‘hiders’) have asynchronous births. Results from studies that manipulate both predators and food support the hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down effects interact.

scholarly journals I Ropaloceri del litorale a duna della ZSC IT5160004 Padule di Bolgheri (Livorno, Toscana) (Lepidoptera)

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Leonardo Favilli
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Sono Stati ◽  
Lasiommata Megera ◽  
Anthocharis Cardamines

Nel 2015 è stata studiata la fauna a Ropaloceri del litorale a duna della ZSC IT5160004 Padule di Bolgheri (provincia di Livorno). I campionamenti sono stati effettuati due volte al mese, da aprile a ottobre, in un transetto di 1 km utilizzando il metodo di Pollard and Yates (1993). Complessivamente sono stati campionati 422 esemplari attribuibili a 30 specie. Le specie dominanti sono 7 (Lasiommata megera, Leptotes pirithous, Colias crocea, Gonepteryx rhamni, Pieris brassicae, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Hipparchia statilinus, Coenonympha elbana, Anthocharis cardamines, Pieris rapae e Limenitis reducta), abbondanti 4, 7 comuni, 7 occasionali e 5 rare. Rilevante è la presenza di Gegenes nostrodamus, in diminuzione in Italia e di Coenonympha elbana, endemica della Toscana. Si tratta di una fauna povera in specie, costituita da entità euriece e che non sono esclusive dell’ambiente di duna. Nel sistema a duna indagato i Ropaloceri sono, quindi, rappresentati in modo limitato e non annoverano entità utili a caratterizzarle in maniera univoca.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of biological protection of cabbage against pests in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
A. S. Pronyushkina ◽  
T. K. Kovalenko ◽  
E. N. Lastushkina
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Mamestra Brassicae ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Biological Protection ◽  
Cabbage Pests ◽  
Cabbage Moth

The results of the use of entomophages and biological products to regulate the number of cabbage pests (cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae L., cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae L., turnip butterfly Pieris rapae L., diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L.) are presented. The study was carried out in the Primorsky Territory in 2018-2020. The efficiency of Trichogramma ussuricum Sorokina applications was assessed on cabbage varieties. The effectiveness of the entomophage against the cabbage moth varied from 33.3 to 66.6%, against the turnip butterfly - from 32.6 to 70.2%. In field experiments the effectiveness of biological products Fitoverm EC (0.09 l/ha), Akarin EC (1.6 l/ha), Proclaim WG (0.3 kg/ha), Bitoxibacillin (10 l/ha), Bitoxibacillin P (2 kg/ha), Lepidocid SC (2 l/ha), Lepidocid P (2 kg/ha) against diamondback moth are studied. Cabbage plants were sprayed with the preparations once. Pest counts were carried out before treatment and after treatment on the 5th, 10th and 15th day in accordance with the approved methods. Bioinsecticide Proclaim showed a high efficiency of 93.0-100% on the 5-10th day. The effectiveness of preparations based on aversectin C and avertin N was 65.0-88.6%. Using the biological product Bitoxibacillin and Lepidocid a decrease the number of diamondback moth relative to the control by 61.2-97.5 и 65.0-78.0% was registered.

scholarly journals Interactions of Insecticidal Toxin Gene Products from Xenorhabdus nematophilus PMFI296

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 3344-3349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Sergeant ◽  
Paul Jarrett ◽  
Margaret Ousley ◽  
J. Alun W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Insecticidal Toxin ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Xenorhabdus Nematophilus

ABSTRACT Four genes on a genomic fragment from Xenorhabdus nematophilus PMFI296 were shown to be involved in insecticidal activity towards three commercially important insect species. Each gene was expressed individually and in combinations in Escherichia coli, and the insecticidal activity of the lysates was determined. The combined four genes (xptA1, xptA2, xptB1, and xptC1), in E. coli, showed activity towards Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae, and Heliothis virescens. The genes xptA1, xptB1, and xptC1 were involved in expressing activity towards P. rapae and P. brassicae, while the genes xptA2, xptB1, and xptC1 were needed for activity towards H. virescens. When each of these three genes was expressed individually in E. coli and the cell lysates were used in insect assays or mixed and then used, insecticidal activity was detected at a very low level. If the genes xptB1 and xptC1 were expressed in the same E. coli cell and this cell lysate was mixed with cells expressing xptA1, activity was restored to P. rapae and P. brassicae. Similarly mixing XptB1/C1 lysate with XptA2 lysate restored activity towards H. virescens. Individual gene disruptions in X. nematophilus PMFI296 reduced activity to insects; this activity was restored by complementation with cells expressing either xptA1 or xptA2 for their respective disruptions or E. coli expressing both xptB1 and xptC1 for individual disruptions of either of these genes. The genes xptA2, xptC1, and xptB1 were expressed as an operon in PMFI296 and inactivation of xptA2 or xptC1 resulted in silencing of downstream gene(s), while xptA1 was expressed as a single gene. Therefore, the two three gene product combinations interact with each other to produce good insecticidal activity.

Axonal pathfinding in developing labial palps of the butterflies, Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Kyoo Lee ◽  
Helmut Altner ◽  
Woo-Kap Kim ◽  
Chang-Whan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Axonal Pathfinding

scholarly journals I Lepidotteri Ropaloceri della Riserva Statale di Popolamento Animale “Lago di Burano” (Capalbio, Grosseto)

2012 ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Sandro Piazzini ◽  
Elena Spadini ◽  
Fabio Cianchi ◽  
Leonardo Favilli ◽  
Giuseppe Manganelli
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Inachis Io ◽  
Polyommatus Icarus ◽  
Maniola Jurtina ◽  
Coenonympha Pamphilus ◽  
Zerynthia Cassandra ◽  
Lasiommata Megera

Negli anni 2007-2009 è stata effettuata una ricerca sui Lepidotteri Ropaloceri della Riserva Statale di Popolamento animale “Lago di Burano” (Capalbio, GR). Le specie accertate sono 50 tra le quali otto (Thymelicus acteon, Gegenes nostrodamus, Zerynthia cassandra, Lycaena thersamon, Charaxes jasius, Libythea celtis, Hipparchia fagi, Hipparchia statilinus) di interesse conservazionistico. Le entità più diffuse sono Pieris brassicae, Colias crocea, Polyommatus icarus, Lasiommata megera, Pieris rapae, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Maniola jurtina, Coenonympha pamphilus, Papilio machaon, Limenitis reducta e Kanetisa circe, specie in grado di colonizzare diverse situazioni ambientali, quelle sporadiche Thymelicus sylvestris, Ochlodes venatus, Zerynthia cassandra, Euchloe ausonia, Favonius quercus, Satyrium ilicis, Cacyreus marshalli, Celastrina argiolus, Polyommatus thersites, Inachis io e Polygonia c-album, che non trovano nella riserva ambienti idonei alla loro sopravvivenza. Le principali minacce per i Ropaloceri di Burano sono rappresentate dalla gestione della vegetazione operata per fini agricoli e dalla regimazione delle acque. Per ridurre l’impatto di questa attività si suggeriscono: il mantenimento di una fascia di terreno incolto (ampia almeno 20 m) intorno al lago e di una striscia di vegetazione (larga tra 2 e 4 m) lungo i canali retrostanti; la conservazione di siepi e arbusti; l’effettuazione degli interventi di sfalcio della vegetazione erbacea tra dicembre e gennaio.

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