Effects of age and food source on secondary chemistry of larvae of Lymantria species (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Deml
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Dissimilarity Coefficients

AbstractHaemolymph and osmeterial secretions of caterpillars of Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) and L. concolor Walker were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for low molecular weight secondary metabolites. The similarities of their chemical compositions were determined by means of cluster analysis techniques in order to characterize possible chemical variations related to developmental stage or food of the larvae. For this purpose, two dissimilarity coefficients (Euclidean distances, Canberra metrics) and four clustering methods (UPGMA, WPGMA, WPGMC, single linkage) were combined. The patterns of secondary compounds obtained from the haemolymph and osmeterial secretions studied did not differ statistically significantly between two groups of L. monacha larvae fed with either larch, Larix decidua Mil., or Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.), indicating no relevant influence of plant chemistry. However, haemolymph of penultimate instar larvae of L. concolor fed on Rhododendroncontained a mixture of compounds differing statistically significantly from that of last instar caterpillars. The total compositions of the corresponding gland secretions were statistically identical though the presence/amounts of individual compounds varied. This suggested that the haemolymph composition reflected changing physiological requirements of the successive instars, whereas the composition of the defensive mixtures remained comparatively constant, possibly due to a constant spectrum of potential enemies. A more pronounced age-dependence of larval chemistry was shown by a similar analysis of data from various developmental stages of L. dispar (Linnaeus) and one of its food plants. This analysis suggested plant composition affected the secondary chemistry of early larval instars of L. dispar. The results are discussed in terms of the roles of secondary metabolites in defence against natural enemies.

Physiological Effect of Lichen Secondary Metabolites on the Lichen Parasite Marchandiomyces Corallinus

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Torzilli ◽  
P. A. Mikelson ◽  
J. D. Lawrey
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi

AbstractIt has been suggested that the host specificity exhibited by some lichenicolous fungi depends on their ability to tolerate the secondary chemistry of potential host lichens. For example, the lichen parasite Marchandiomyces corallinus is able to degrade the tissues of the lichen Flavoparmelia baltimorensis irrespective of the presence or absence of endogenous phenolic compounds. In contrast, the degradation of tissues from the lichen Lasallia papulosa is suppressed when endogenous phenolics are not removed. We have investigated the physiological basis of this inhibition in order to understand more about how lichen chemistry infiuences host preference in lichenicolous fungi. Results showed that the secondary compounds from L. papulosa inhibit the overall growth of M. corallimis, but not the catalytic activity of its tissue-degrading polysaccharidases. This effect is different from that shown by another lichen parasite, Nectria parmeliae, where lichen compounds specifically inhibited polysaccharidase activity. Compared with the compounds of L. papulosa, the endogenous phenolics of F. baltimorensis inhibited the growth of M. corallimis substantially less and exhibited little or no inhibition of polysaccharidases. For M. corallimis, host preference appears to be associated with physiological adaptation to the chemistry of F. baltimorensis.

scholarly journals Soil and Leaf Nutrients Drivers on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. from Ecuador

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2949
Author(s):  
Juan I. Burneo ◽  
Ángel Benítez ◽  
James Calva ◽  
Pablo Velastegui ◽  
Vladimir Morocho
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Leaf Nutrients ◽  
First Time

Chemical compositions of plants are affected by the initial nutrient contents in the soil and climatic conditions; thus, we analyzed for the first time the effects of soil and leaf nutrients on the compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of Siparuna muricata in four different localities in Ecuador. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Enantiomeric distribution by GC/MS was determined, modifying the enantiomeric separation of β-pinene, limonene, δ-elemene, β-bourbonene, cis-cadina-1 (6), 4-diene and atractylone. A total of 44 compounds were identified. The most representative for L1 were guaiol, atractylone and 4-diene; for L2, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene and myrcene; for L3, atractylone, myrcene and germacrene B; and finally, L4 germacrene B, myrcene and cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene. Correlations between soil- leaf chemical elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, N and Si in the different localities were significant with chemical composition of the essential oil of Siparuna muricata; however, correlations between soil and leaf K, P, and Na were not significant. Cluster and NMDS analysis showed high dissimilarity values of secondary metabolites between four localities related with changes in soil- leaf nutrients. Thus, the SIMPER routine revealed that not all secondary metabolites contribute equally to establishing the differences in the four localities, and the largest contributions are due to differences in guaiol, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene, atractylone and germacrene. Our investigation showed for the first time the influences of altitude and soil- leaf chemical elements in the chemical composition of the EOs of S. muricata.

scholarly journals Profiling Secondary Metabolites of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Endophytic Fungi Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae PAK-7 and Lasiodiplodia theobromae TN-R-3 and Their Antimicrobial Activities

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chaithra ◽  
S. Vanitha ◽  
A. Ramanathan ◽  
V. Jegadeeshwari ◽  
V. Rajesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Compositions

Aims: To determine the chemical composition of secondary metabolite of cocoa endophytic fungi L. pseudotheobromae PAK-7, L. theobromae TN-R-3 and their anti-oomycete activities. Statistical Design: Multivariate analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Pathology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu from April 2018 to December 2019. Methodology: Lipophilic extracellular secondary metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate as a solvent and their chemical composition was detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and identified by NIST library and Pub Chem databases. Results: Metabolic profiling of cocoa endophytic fungi  L. pseudotheobromae PAK-7  and  L. theobromae TN-R-3  showed the presence of eleven peaks representing nine compounds. The most abundant compound observed were Acetic acid, 3-methyl-6-oxo-9oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-yl ester, 2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-pentyl-, Melezitose, Ethyl à-d-glucopyranoside  collectively representing 58.01% area. In comparison to L. pseudotheobromae PAK-7 GC-MS analysis of L. theobromae TN-R-3 exhibited the presence of 29 peaks. The most abundant compounds were dl-Mevalonic acid lactone, Methyl 6-O-[1-methylpropyl]-á-d-galactopyranoside, 2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-pentyl-, Melezitose, Ethyl à-d-glucopyranoside, 1,6-Anhydro-á-d-talopyranose collectively representing 60.47% of the total area. Conclusion: Chemical compositions and anti-oomycete activities of crude secondary metabolites of L. pseudotheobromae PAK-7, L. theobromae TN-R-3 differed entirely depending on the property and abundance of bioactive metabolites.

scholarly journals Bitki Sekonder Maddelerinin Herbivor Böceklere Etkileri

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Oğuzhan Yanar ◽  
Elif Fatma Topkara
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Interspecies Competition ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
And Behavior

Plants have developed mechanical and chemical defense strategies that are effective against herbivores. Plants contain chemicals that are known as secondary metabolites (allelochemical) and these chemicals do not directly involve in organisms’ reproduction and growth, on the other hand, they affect survival, growth and behavior of species. These compounds usually take ecological tasks and plants use these compounds against diseases, parasites, and predators for interspecies competition. It is known through the observations on feeding of herbivorous insects that these compounds act as deterrent chemicals or they are toxic against them. Feeding is one of the most fundamental and the most important behaviors for herbivorous insects. Even though host plant preference of herbivores is partially depend on nutrients, this behavior greatly depends on secondary chemistry of plants. Effects of secondary compounds on herbivorous insects can be positive or negative.

Secondary chemistry of cultured mycobionts: formation of a complete chemosyndrome by the lichen fungus of Lobaria spathulata

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfie Stocker-Wörgötter ◽  
John A. Elix
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Model System ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Lichen Substances ◽  
Lichen Thallus ◽  
Lichen Fungus

AbstractThe study aimed to optimize culture conditions and nutrient requirements for theproduction of secondary metabolites by the cultured mycobiont Lobaria spathulata. This species proved to be an excellent model system for such studies, as the complete chemosyndromefound in the natural lichen thallus was repeatedly formed in the cultured mycobiont with differentiated, aerial mycelia. Nutrient media containing the disaccharide, sucrose, were found to favour both rapid growth and the production of typical lichen substances. Higher proportions of the secondary compounds were detected in the developing mycobiont than in mature lichen thalli.

scholarly journals The early developmental stages of gall-inducing insects define final gall structural and histochemical profiles: the case of Bystracoccus mataybae galls on Matayba guianensis

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia de Melo Silva ◽  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Uiara Costa Rezende ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Gall Inducer ◽  
Early Developmental

Gall morphotypes depend on continuous chemical and feeding stimuli of the gall inducer, which promotes specific structural and metabolic changes in plant tissues. The galling insect manipulates host-plant tissues and may stimulate the production of primary and secondary metabolites. The type of chemical arsenal and the storage site varies according to the developmental potentials of the host plant and the insect’s feeding habit. Here, we investigated whether the structural and histochemical profiles of the gall system Matayba guianensis Aubl. (Sapindaceae) – Bystracoccus mataybae (Eriococcidae) are dependent on the instars of the galling insect. Standard anatomical analyses were carried out, as well as histochemical evaluation of reactive oxygen species and primary and secondary metabolites. Structural changes induced by the first instar nymphs were detected on the stem, while deep changes induced by the second instar nymphs and adult females were detected in leaflet galls, indicating that the host-plant tissue can impose more limits on gall development and complexity than the stages of galling insect development. The compartmentalization of primary and secondary compounds is established during the early stages of development of the leaflet gall by the second instar nymphs. Despite deep structural differences between stem and leaflet galls, there were no significant changes in the establishment of the histochemical profiles.

In vitro antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiation activities of five edible plant extracts and mode of action against several MDR Gram-negative phenotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Carine M.N. Ngaffo ◽  
Simplice B. Tankeo ◽  
Michel-Gael F. Guefack ◽  
Brice E. N. Wamba ◽  
Paul Nayim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Proton Pumps ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli

Abstract Background: Bacterial infections involving the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains are among the top leading causes of death throughout the world. Healthcare system across the globe has been suffering from an extra-ordinary burden in terms of looking for the new and more potent antimicrobial compounds. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of some Cameroonian edible plants (Garcinia lucida bark, Phoenix dactylifera pericarps, Theobroma cacao pod, Solanum macrocarpon leaves and Termitomyces titanicus whole plant) and their antibiotics-potentiation effects against some MDR Gram-negative bacteria phenotypes expressing efflux pumps (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Providencia stuartii strains). Methods: The antibacterial activities of plant extract alone and in combination with usual antibiotics were carried out using the micro-dilution method. The effects of the most active plant extract (Garcinia lucida bark) on H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumps and on bacterial growth kinetic were performed using experimental protocols, while qualitative reference methods were used to highligh the major groups of secondary metabolites present in the extracts. Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening of plant extracts indicated that all analysed secondary metabolites were present in Theobroma cacao and Termitomyces titanicus while one (saponins) of them was absent in Garcinia lucida and Solanum macrocarpon. Only three of them (polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins) were detected in Phoenix dactylifera. Antibacterial essays showed that G. lucida was the most active plant as it inhibited the growth of all studied bacteria with strong activity (MIC<100 µg/mL) against E. coli ATCC8739, significant activity (100≤MIC≤512 µg/mL) against 80% of bacteria and moderate activity (512<MIC≤2048 µg/mL) against E. coli AG100A and E. aerogenes (EA289 and CM64). It was followed by T. cacao and S. macrocarpon extracts which exhibited an antibacterial potential against 95% and 80% of bacterial strains, respectively. These three extracts exhibited a bactericidal effect on a few bacteria. Extracts from T. titanicus and P. dactylifera were less active as they moderately (512<MIC≤2048 µg/mL) inhibited the growth of 35% and 10% of bacteria. All extracts selectively potentiated the activities of all antibiotics with improvement activity factors (IAF) ranging from 2 to 256. G. lucida, T. cacao and S. macrocarpon potentiated the activities of 100%, 89% and 67% of antibiotics respectively against more than 70%, suggesting that they contain bioactive compounds which could be considered as efflux pumps inhibitors. Whereas T. titanicus and P. dactylifera improved the activities of almost 40% and 20% of antibiotics, respectively. This increase of activities also characterizes synergistic effects between antibiotics and these bioactive compounds. G. lucida extract at all tested concentrations, strongly inhibited the growth of bacterial strain E. coli ATCC8739 and exhibited an inhibitory effect on this bacterial H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumps increasing the pH of the medium. Conclusion: The overall results indicated that food plants among which G. lucida, T. cacao and S. macrocarpon could have a benefit interest in combatting resistant types of bacteria. Keywords: Food plants; infectious diseases; MDR bacteria; efflux pumps; antibiotics; secondary metabolites.

Mycobiont and Whole Thallus Cultures of Roccella Montagnei Bél. For the Biosynthesis of Secondary Compounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Hariharan ◽  
S. Karthik ◽  
S. Muthukumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Molecular Identity ◽  
Secondary Compound

The mycobiont and whole thallus cultures of Roccella montagnei Bel. were established using soredia as an inoculum.The mycobiont cultures showed optimum growth, biomass and biosynthesis of compounds in Lilly and Barnett medium with glucose as a carbon source, micronutrients and vitamins. After the incubation period of 180 days, the cultures were harvested, and their biomass and secondary compound profiles were analysed. The HPTLC chromatogram of the acetone extract of the NT and mycobiont cultures revealed erythrinas the major biosynthesized compound in both and identified as a key biosynthate by R. montagnei. Further, the NT biosynthesized 5 additional compounds and themycobiont cultures biosynthesized 6 additional compounds. The molecular identity of the cultured mycobiont was confirmed using nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as well as the secondary chemistry. Lichen compound erythrin was identified as a key biosynthate by the cultures.

scholarly journals Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Chang Ha Park ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Ye Jin Kim ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Ye Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycorisradiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.

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