An analysis of using entomopathogenic nematodes against above-ground pests

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arthurs ◽  
K.M. Heinz ◽  
J.R. Prasifka
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
Soil Insects ◽  
Wetting Agents

AbstractApplications of entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have traditionally been targeted against soil insects. Nonetheless, research over the last two decades highlights the potential of such agents against above-ground pests under certain circumstances. A general linear model was used to test for patterns in efficacy among 136 published trials with Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, the most common species applied against foliar and other above-ground pests. The focus was on field and greenhouse assessments, rather than laboratory assays where relevant ecological barriers to infection are typically removed. The model showed differences in nematode treatment efficacy depending on the pests’ target habitat (bore holes > cryptic foliage > exposed foliage) and trial location (greenhouse > field studies). Relative humidity and temperature during and up to 8 h post-application were also predicted to influence rates of nematode infection obtained. Conversely, spray adjuvants (both wetting agents and anti-desiccants) and nematode dosage applied (both concentration and use of consecutive applications 3–4 days apart) did not explain a significant amount of variance in nematode performance. With reference to case studies the model is used to discuss the relative importance of different factors on nematode efficacy and highlight priorities for workers considering using entomopathogenic nematodes to target pests in novel environments.

scholarly journals A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in the north-west of Iran

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Eivazian Kary ◽  
Gholamreza Niknam ◽  
Seyed Abolgasem Mohammadi ◽  
Christine Griffin ◽  
Mohammad Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
First Time

AbstractDuring 2002-2004, a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes was conducted for the first time in Iran throughout the three provinces in the north-west of the country. Soil samples were tested for the presence of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes by baiting with Galleria mellonella larvae. Of the 833 soil samples studied 27 were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes (3.2%), with 17 (2.0%) containing Heterorhabditis and ten (1.2%) Steinernema isolates. Morphological and molecular studies were carried out to characterise isolates. The Heterorhabditis isolates were identified as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema as Steinernema carpocapsae, S. bicornutum and S. feltiae. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was the most common species, which was isolated from 17 sites across the three provinces. Steinernema feltiae was the most common species of Steinernema, which was isolated from eight sites but in only two provinces. Steinernema carpocapsae and S. bicornutum were each isolated from only one site. Steinernema spp. were isolated mainly from orchards and grasslands but Heterorhabditis was isolated mainly from grasslands and alfalfa fields.

Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pupae and Nematode Compatibility with Chemical Insecticides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maguintontz Cedney Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Andressa Lima de Brida ◽  
Daniel Bernardi ◽  
Sérgio da Costa Dias ◽  
Juliano de Bastos Pazini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Pupal Mortality

Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main pests of fruit crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) may be an alternative to suppress populations of this pest. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of six EPN isolates (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HB, H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47, and S. brazilense IBCB-n06) against C. capitata pupae. The compatibility of EPNs with different chemical insecticides that are registered for management of C. capitata was also assessed. Isolates of H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06 at a concentration of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/ml proved to be most pathogenic to C. capitata (70 and 80% mortality, respectively). In contrast, the isolates H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47 provided pupal mortality of less than 60%. Bioassays to determine lethal concentrations indicated that concentrations of 600 IJ/ml (H. bacteriophora HB) and 1,000 IJ/ml (S. brazilense IBCB-n06) showed the highest virulence against C. capitata pupae. In contrast, the highest numbers of IJs emerged at concentrations of 1,200 and 200 IJ/ml. In compatibility bioassays, malathion, spinetoram, phosmet, acetamiprid, and novaluron were considered compatible with and harmless (Class 1) to H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06, according to IOBC/WPRS. This information is important for implementing integrated management programs for C. capitata, using biological control with EPNs, whether alone or in combination with chemical insecticides.

scholarly journals Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for the control of Diabrotica speciosa germar (coleoptera: chrysomelidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Santos ◽  
Alcides Moino Junior ◽  
Vanessa Andaló ◽  
Camila Costa Moreira ◽  
Ricardo Alves de Olinda
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Soil Insects ◽  
Diabrotica Speciosa ◽  
Pupal Mortality

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used in biological control of soil insects and show promise in the control of D. speciosa. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of native and exotic entomopathogenic nematode isolates in the control of D. speciosa under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results showed that all of EPNs caused larval mortality. The most virulent were Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 (94%), Steinernema glaseri (84%), Heterorhabditis sp. JPM04 (82%) and Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC05 (78%). There was no effect of the Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 and S. glaseri isolates on eggs. The maximum mortality of D. speciosa larvae by Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 was observed at a concentration of 300 IJ/ insect, while by S. glaseri observed the highest mortality at the concentration of 200 IJ/ insect. The Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 isolate caused over 80% pupal mortality at a concentration of 250 IJ/insect. The virulence of Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 and S. glaseri was affected by temperature. The Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 isolate caused reduction in larva survival under greenhouse conditions at all of the tested concentrations and there was no difference in mortality among different concentrations of infectid juveniles.

Laboratory bioassays of virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-inhabiting stages of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dammini Premachandra ◽  
Christian Borgemeister ◽  
Oliver Berndt ◽  
Ralf-Udo Ehlers ◽  
Hans-Michael Poehling
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Laboratory Trial ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
First Time ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

Abstract The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was evaluated in a laboratory trial against soil-dwelling stages, late second instar larvae and pupal stages of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. Among the six EPN strains assessed for the first time, Steinernema feltiae (Nemaplus®) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HD01) caused 65 and 59% mortality, respectively. Steinernema carpocapsae (Agriotos) and S. arenarium (Anomali) caused moderate mortality (40-45%) while Steinernema spp. (Morocco) and H. bacteriophora (Nematop®) had little effect. In a dose response study with concentrations of 100, 400 and 800 infective juveniles (IJ) per cm2 soil of H. bacteriophora (HK3), S. feltiae (Nemaplus®) and H. bacteriophora (HD01), mortality increased only up to 400 IJ cm-2. The rate of infectivity of H. bacteriophora (HK3) and S. feltiae (Nemaplus®) indicated that both strains could survive at least 6 days in the soil and infect WFT immature stages.

scholarly journals Biological activity of entomopathogenic nematodes on Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37047
Author(s):  
Sandra Mara Chaneiko ◽  
Andressa Lima de Brida ◽  
Daniel Bernardi ◽  
Luis Garrigós Leite ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Pupal Mortality ◽  
Control Tool

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is one of the main pests of fruit farming, and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) represent an important control tool of this species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of different isolate against A. fraterculus larvae and adults. Bioassays were performed using a suspension of three isolates of Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 and Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 at six concentrations (control - without nematodes), 50, 150, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 infective juveniles (IJs)/mL of water per 3º instar larvae. It was verified the susceptibility of larvae of A. fraterculus to isolates of EPNs and a significant increase of the pupal mortality in the function of the concentration of IJs inoculated by larva (above 75%). After the dissection of pupae and adults of A. fraterculus from infected larvae, the concentration of 1500 IJs/mL of EPNs provided the highest rate of multiplication of IJs by insect, equating to maximum concentration tested 1500 IJs/mL. Adults of A. fraterculus from larvae infected with EPNs longevity of five days, being less than adults from uninfected larvae by IJs (135 days). H. amazonensis IBCB 24, S. carpocapsae IBCB 02, and S. feltiae IBCB 47 proved to be promising as agents of biological control of A. fraterculus.

Reliability of Singing Bird Surveys: Changes in Observer Efficiency with Avian Density

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bart ◽  
James D. Schoultz
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bird Songs ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Maximum Estimate

Abstract Field trials in which paired observers were used and indoor simulations in which recorded bird songs were used indicated that, as the number of singing birds audible from a listening station increased from 1 to 4, the fraction of them recorded by observers declined by up to 50%. This reduction in efficiency violates one of the basic assumptions of any index-that the proportion of animals detected remains constant-and could cause surveyors who rely primarily on auditory cues to underestimate changes in population density by up to 25% for common species and 33% for abundant species. The change in efficiency, which is best regarded as measurement error, cannot be detected by a statistical examination of the data and thus may pass undetected in many field studies. It seems unlikely that any general procedure for "correcting" the error would be reliable. The results indicate that singing bird surveys of common species should be supplemented by other methods if accurate estimates of changes in density are needed. A general conclusion of the study is that whenever animals "compete" for a place in the survey, for example by filling up traps or suppressing one another's songs, then the index tends to underestimate a change in density. If efficiency increases with density, then the survey tends to overestimate a change in density. If the sign of the bias can be determined, the survey can be used to provide a minimum or maximum estimate of a change in density even if the magnitude of the bias cannot be estimated.

scholarly journals Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi in agricultural areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dzięgielewska ◽  
Iwona Adamska
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biological Methods

In 2016-2018, in north-western Poland, field studies were carried out on the coexistence of various taxonomic groups, such as soil nematodes and fungi, including beneficial species that comprise the environment’s natural resistance to pests in agrocenoses. The research aimed to find a connection between select biotic and abiotic factors in the chosen crops which could have practical applications in plant protection. Entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae Filipiev, 1934 and entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps fumosorosea and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin were found to be present in all studied agrocenoses; however, they showed clear preferences for some types of crops or soil. The research shows that the effectiveness of the biological methods of plant protection depends on the selection of the right biopreparations, which strengthen the local populations of the beneficial organisms present in specific agriculture areas.

scholarly journals Analysis of biological parameters of Boophilus microplus Canestrini, 1887 exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae Santa Rosa and All strains (Steinernema: Rhabditida)

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gláucia Marques Freitas-Ribeiro ◽  
John Furlong ◽  
Viviane Oliveira Vasconcelos ◽  
Cláudia Dolinski ◽  
Alan Loures-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Survival Period ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Efficiency Rate

Engorged and partially engorged females of Boophilus microplus were exposed to 600; 3,000; 6,000 and 30,000 infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 Santa Rosa and All strains per dish, under lab conditions. Eggs weight, pre-laying period, laying period, survival period, reproductive efficiency rate, percentage of larval eclosion and lethal concentrations of 50% and 90% (CL50 and CL90) were calculated for engorged females. In the case of partially engorged females, only egg weight, survival period and CL50 and CL90 were calculated. All biological parameters of engorged or partially engorged females were altered by exposition of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs), Santa Rosa and All strains (p<0.05). The increase in the response was directly proportional to the increase of IJs concentration per Petri dish (p<0.05). Results suggested that entomopathogenic nematodes could have a positive role in the control of cattle tick.

Industrial Development and Wildlife Conservation

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Kelcey
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Public Access ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Wilderness Areas ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
New Habitats

The general situation concerning the contribution that industrial development has made to the conservation of wildlife in Britain is reviewed. Two major types of site have been identified, namely discrete and linear, each being divided into a number of categories, with further subdivisions depending upon the nature of the site: for example, used or disused (canals, railways, etc.) or wet or dry (gravel pits, clay pits, etc.).The wildlife value of a representative sample of sites of each type is described qualitatively. It is argued that industrial development produces areas which are often richer in wildlife than much of the remaining rural or urban environment. This results from the existence of ‘wilderness areas’ within industrial complexes, from the creation of new habitats, from the passage of time, and from the protection given against public access and against intensive agricultural, forestry, and landscape, management. The linear systems are seen as forming a network of ‘wildlife corridors’ linking together discrete sites, thus providing reservoirs for the colonization of new habitats and enabling wildlife to survive in close proximity to intensively used urban and rural land. Many ‘industrial sites’ provide facilities for field studies, environmental trails, and environmental education, as well as forming the basis of country or linear parks. They also enable many rare species to survive, and probably prevent many of the common species from becoming less frequent.

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