Comparative apparent total tract digestibility of major nutrients and amino acids in dogs (Canis familiaris), blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) and mink (Mustela vison)

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Vhile ◽  
A. Skrede ◽  
Ø. AhlstrØm ◽  
K. Hove
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Mustela Vison ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Alopex Lagopus ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

AbstractMajor nutrient and amino acid digestibilities were evaluated in experiments with dogs (Canis familiaris), blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) and mink (Mustela vison) using seven extruded diets containing different protein sources. Four dogs (German shepherd), four blue foxes and four mink were offered each of the experimental diets to determine apparent total tract digestibility. Average digestibility of crude protein (CP) in blue foxes and mink was similar, and lower than the corresponding value in dogs (0·834 and 0·831 v. 0·864) (P < 0·001). CP digestibility in blue foxes showed significant correlations with dogs and mink (P < 0·05), while no significant correlation was observed between dogs and mink. Average digestibility of most amino acids was significantly lower in blue foxes than in dogs (P < 0·001), whereas mink digested most essential amino acids at the same level as did dogs. Most non-essential amino acids were digested at a significantly lower rate in the mink than in the dog and the blue fox (P < 0·001). There were significant correlations in the digestibility of most amino acids between dogs and blue foxes, and between blue foxes and mink (P < 0·05). Correlations were significant between dogs and mink for the digestibility of most essential amino acids (P < 0·05) but not significant (P > 0·05) for several non-essential amino acids. Average digestibility of crude fat was high and similar among the species studied: 0·968, 0·967 and 0·959 in dogs, blue foxes and mink, respectively. Average digestibility of starch ranged from 0·971 in mink to 0·998 in dogs; significantly higher in dogs than in blue foxes and mink, and significantly higher in blue foxes than in mink (P < 0·001). It was concluded that digestibility determined with mink, blue foxes or dogs may be used to predict digestibilities in the other investigated species. However, both the characteristics of the protein sources as well as the individual amino acid studied will influence the difference in digestibility among the species.

Comparison of Interlaboratory Variation in Amino Acid Analysis and Rat Growth Assays for Evaluating Protein Quality

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Sarwar ◽  
Robert Blair ◽  
Mendel Friedman ◽  
Michael R Gumbmann ◽  
Ross L Hackler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Analysis ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Estimates of inter- and intralaboratory variation of protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative PER (RPER), net protein ratio (NPR), relative NPR (RNPR), and nitrogen utilization (NU) were compared with those of amino acid analysis in the same batches of 7 protein sources (ANRC casein, egg white solids, minced beef, soy assay protein, rapeseed protein concentrate, pea flour, and whole wheat flour). Interlaboratory variation (estimated as between-laboratories coefficients of variation, CV) of NPR and RNPR (up to 6.0%) was lower than that of PER (up to 20.2%) and RPER (up to 18.5%). The interlaboratory determination of NPR and RNPR was also more reproducible than that of most essential amino acids (CV up to 10.0%), especially tryptophan (CV up to 23.7%), cystine (CV up to 17.6%), and methionine (CV up to 16.1%). Intralaboratory variation (estimated as within-laboratories CV) of amino acid analysis (up to 4.7%), however, was comparable to that of protein quality indices in most protein sources (up to 6.0%). The significant (P &lt;0.01) positive correlations (r = 0.68-0.74) between amino acid scores and protein quality indices based on rat growth were further improved when amino acid scores were corrected for digestibility of protein (r = 0.73-0.78) or individual amino acids (r = 0.79- 0.82).

Use of protein sources alternative to fish meal in diets with amino acids supplementation for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. García-Gallego ◽  
H. Akharbach ◽  
M. de la Higuera
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Meat Meal

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to test two different protein sources as alternatives to the commonly used fish meal (FM) in the diet of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Six experimental diets were tested in three replicated lots of European eels. All diets contained the same protein and energy content (ca, 300 g crude protein per kg dry matter and 18·5 MJ/kg, respectively) but differed in the nature of the protein source: FM was the only protein source in the control diet and was fully or partially (0–5: 0–5) replaced by meat meal (MM) or sunflower meal (SFM) in four other diets; a sixth diet included SFM as the only protein source but was supplemented with several essential amino acids. Food intake, fish growth and several indices of diet and protein utilization were measured. MM clearly was the poorest protein source while SFM could replace, at least 0·5 of the FM with no significant reduction in performance. In addition, the European eel was able to utilize the supplement of essential amino acids. The full-SFM diet was improved significantly when supplemented and results were not statistically different from the control FM-based diet. Overall, a good correlation was found between the results of each diet and the respective essential amino acid index, calculated using as reference the essential amino acid requirements previously defined for another eel species, Anguilla japonica. This index could be used as a reliable measure for an a priori evaluation of alternative protein sources to be included in commercial foods for eels.

scholarly journals The Role of the Anabolic Properties of Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Sources in Supporting Muscle Mass Maintenance: A Critical Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insaf Berrazaga ◽  
Valérie Micard ◽  
Marine Gueugneau ◽  
Stéphane Walrand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Plant-sourced proteins offer environmental and health benefits, and research increasingly includes them in study formulas. However, plant-based proteins have less of an anabolic effect than animal proteins due to their lower digestibility, lower essential amino acid content (especially leucine), and deficiency in other essential amino acids, such as sulfur amino acids or lysine. Thus, plant amino acids are directed toward oxidation rather than used for muscle protein synthesis. In this review, we evaluate the ability of plant- versus animal-based proteins to help maintain skeletal muscle mass in healthy and especially older people and examine different nutritional strategies for improving the anabolic properties of plant-based proteins. Among these strategies, increasing protein intake has led to a positive acute postprandial muscle protein synthesis response and even positive long-term improvement in lean mass. Increasing the quality of protein intake by improving amino acid composition could also compensate for the lower anabolic potential of plant-based proteins. We evaluated and discussed four nutritional strategies for improving the amino acid composition of plant-based proteins: fortifying plant-based proteins with specific essential amino acids, selective breeding, blending several plant protein sources, and blending plant with animal-based protein sources. These nutritional approaches need to be profoundly examined in older individuals in order to optimize protein intake for this population who require a high-quality food protein intake to mitigate age-related muscle loss.

scholarly journals Invasive Plants Are a Valuable Alternate Protein Source and Can Contribute to Meeting Climate Change Targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Iyer ◽  
Charles S. Bestwick ◽  
Sylvia H. Duncan ◽  
Wendy R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Invasive Plant Species ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Protein Sources

Agriculture has come under pressure to meet global food demands, whilst having to meet economic and ecological targets. This has opened newer avenues for investigation in unconventional protein sources. Current agricultural practises manage marginal lands mostly through animal husbandry, which; although effective in land utilisation for food production, largely contributes to global green-house gas (GHG) emissions. Assessing the revalorisation potential of invasive plant species growing on these lands may help encourage their utilisation as an alternate protein source and partially shift the burden from livestock production; the current dominant source of dietary protein, and offer alternate means of income from such lands. Six globally recognised invasive plant species found extensively on marginal lands; Gorse (Ulex europaeus), Vetch (Vicia sativa), Broom (Cytisus scoparius), Fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and Buddleia (Buddleja davidii) were collected and characterised to assess their potential as alternate protein sources. Amino acid profiling revealed appreciable levels of essential amino acids totalling 33.05 ± 0.04 41.43 ± 0.05, 33.05 ± 0.11, 32.63 ± 0.04, 48.71 ± 0.02 and 21.48 ± 0.05 mg/g dry plant mass for Gorse, Vetch, Broom Fireweed, Bracken, and Buddleia, respectively. The availability of essential amino acids was limited by protein solubility, and Gorse was found to have the highest soluble protein content. It was also high in bioactive phenolic compounds including cinnamic- phenyl-, pyruvic-, and benzoic acid derivatives. Databases generated using satellite imagery were used to locate the spread of invasive plants. Total biomass was estimated to be roughly 52 Tg with a protein content of 5.2 Tg with a total essential amino acid content of 1.25 Tg (~24%). Globally, Fabaceae was the second most abundant family of invasive plants. Much of the spread was found within marginal lands and shrublands. Analysis of intrinsic agricultural factors revealed economic status as the emergent factor, driven predominantly by land use allocation, with shrublands playing a pivotal role in the model. Diverting resources from invasive plant removal through herbicides and burning to leaf protein extraction may contribute toward sustainable protein, effective land use, and achieving emission targets, while simultaneously maintaining conservation of native plant species.

scholarly journals Nutritional Potential of Two Insect Species Consumed in Togo: Gnathocera trivittata (Swederus, 1787) and Gnathocera impressa (Olivier, 1789)

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Fègbawè Badanaro ◽  
Amivi Tete-Benissan ◽  
Kou'santa Amouzou
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
The Individual

Aims:  The objective of this study is to determine the nutritional values of Gnathocera trivittata and Gnathocera impressa in order to promote their consumption for food security. Place and Duration of Study: Samples of G. trivittata and G. impressa were caught in Togo in the three following localities: Kparatao (8°57'151"N; 1°11'838"E), Kpéwa (9°16'978"N; 1°14'149"E) and Soudou (9°21'604"N; 1°21'348"E), between September and December 2013. Methodology: The contents of ash, protein, vitamins as well as lipids were determined. Fiber content was obtained. Minerals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and colorimetry. Fatty acid composition of the lipids was determined by gas chromatography and the amino acid composition was obtained by separation of the individual amino acids using the Biochrom 30+ amino acid analyzer. Results: The results reveal that the average protein content of the insects studied ranged from 59.36 to 61.63%. Average lipid levels ranged from 9.09 to 9.86%. They contain all the essential fatty and amino acids. Their average fiber content fluctuates between 8.35 and 10.05%. Regarding the composition of micronutrients, the species studied are very rich in minerals and vitamins. The ratios of minerals, fatty acids and essential amino acids are balanced. Conclusion:  Given the nutritional potentials of the insects studied, they can contribute significantly to the fight against protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition in Togo.

scholarly journals Use of precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and digestible indispensable amino acid scores to characterize plant- and yeast-concentrated proteins for inclusion in canine and feline diets1,2

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Novel Protein

Abstract Increased consumer interest in high-quality and novel protein sources has driven the demand for the inclusion of protein-rich ingredients in companion animal diets. Novel protein concentrates, with protein contents of at least 50%, have been used to satisfy these consumer demands. However, minimal information is available regarding the macronutrient composition and protein quality of these ingredients that is needed for proper formulation of pet foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient and amino acid compositions, standardized amino acid digestibility according to the precision-fed rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of pea protein (PP), potato protein (POP), faba bean protein (FBP), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and dried yeast (DY). Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). For all five protein concentrates, all essential amino acids were highly digestible (88.0% to 96.3%, dry matter basis) with differences (P &lt; 0.05) in only lysine, methionine, and tryptophan digestibilities. The TMEn values were highest for POP (4.22 kcal/g) and DY (3.61 kcal/g). The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs indicated that methionine was the first-limiting amino acid in all protein concentrates except POP, where the first-limiting amino acid was tryptophan. Using Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)-recommended values for adult cats, DIAAS-like values for methionine were lowest (P &lt; 0.05) for FBP at 81.5%, with all other amino acids for all protein concentrates over 100%. The National Research Council (NRC)-recommended allowances for adult cats indicated that DIAAS-like methionine values for PP (92.7%) and FBP (73.8%) were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) with these being the first-limiting amino acids, with the remaining amino acids above 100% for the other protein concentrates. The protein quality and high essential amino acid digestibility of these protein concentrates indicate that they would be viable protein sources in canine and feline diets. However, additional complementary protein sources should be included to meet the requirements of all essential amino acids.

scholarly journals Amino acid profile of raw and locally processed seeds of Prosopis africana and Ricinus communis: potential antidotes to protein malnutrition

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidi U. Igwe ◽  
Okey A. Ojiako ◽  
Ken C. Anugweje ◽  
Linus A. Nwaogu ◽  
Cosmas O. Ujowundu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Prosopis Africana ◽  
The Individual

Background: Increasing incidence of malnutrition occasioned by high incidence of hunger, worsening food situation in the world, insufficient availability and high cost of animal protein sources, has necessitated extensive research into and use of alternative plant protein sources especially underexploited leguminous seeds.Methods: Flours from raw, boiled and fermented seeds of Prosopis africana and Ricinus communis were evaluated for crude protein and amino acid (AA) profiles, and their protein qualities determined. Results: Fermentation improved the protein contents of raw seeds of P. africana and R. communis by 18.70% and 3.95% respectively. In the raw and fermented P. africana seeds, glutamate at 132.60 ± 1.30 and 182.70 ± 3.02 mg/g crude protein (mg/gcp) was the most abundant amino acid (AA), while leucine (62.80 ± 0.60 and 79.50 ± 2.01 mg/gcp) was the most concentrated essential amino acid (EAA). Aspartate (151.90 ± 2.01 and 170.10 ± 2.00 mg/gcp) and arginine (72.80 ± 2.01 and 78.60 ± 2.00 mg/gcp) were the most concentrated and abundant non-essential amino acid (NEAA) and EAA in the raw and fermented samples of R. communis respectively. The total AA concentrations (mg/gcp) of raw and fermented P. africana were 733.00 and 962.60 respectively, while those of R. communis were 823.50 and 894.10 respectively. The total EAA contents (mg/gcp) for P. africana were 311.00 (raw) and 404.50 (fermented), and for R. communis; 401.10 (raw) and 430.30 (fermented). Threonine was the limiting EAA in raw and fermented P. africana, whereas lysine was the limiting EAA in R. communis raw sample. Fermentation significantly (p<0.05) increased the individual AA compositions of P. africana and R. communis by 94% and 53% respectively, while boiling reduced these parameters significantly (p<0.05) by 47% and 82% respectively.Conclusion: P. africana and R. communis seeds are potentially important plant sources of protein and essential amino acids, and so could be of great importance in combating malnutrition and food security problems generally.Key words: Amino acid score; condiments; crude protein; fermentation; legumes; nutrition

scholarly journals Amounts of essential and non-essential amino acids and the ratio in Lithuania bred cattle meat

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-398
Author(s):  
V. Jukna ◽  
C. Jukna ◽  
E. Meskinytė-Kausilienė
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Dorsal Muscle ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cattle Meat

The aim of the research was to determine the amounts of essential and non-essential amino acids and the ratio in various breed cattle meat. The content of amino acids and the ratio at the longest dorsal muscle (musculus longissimus dorsi) was determined analyzing Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Limousine purebreds, Lithuanian Black and White x Charolais (LTBWxCHA) crossbreed, Lithuanian Black and White x Limousine (LTBWxLI) crossbreed, Lithuanian Black and White x Simmental (LTBWxSI) crossbreed and Lithuanian Red x Limousine (LTRxLI) crossbreed. Analyzing the research results it was noticed that Lithuanian Black and White cattle breed meat contained the highest total amount of amino acids and Angus breed cattle meat contained the smallest amounts. The difference amounted to 33.87 g/kg or 4.1 percent (p<0.01). While comparing total amounts of amino acids at the purebred cattle breeds and the crossbreeds, it was noticed that the meat of purebred cattle contained higher amounts of amino acids, the difference ranging between 18.54 and 19.00 g/kg or 2.23-2.28 percent (p<0.01). Purebred cattle meat contains higher amounts of essential amino acids compared to crossbreed cattle meat. The meat of Aubrac and Angus breeds was determined to have the highest meat protein sufficiency rate. The lowest biological values were determined at Lithuanian Black and White x Charolais crossbreed meat. The highest amount of the amino acid leucine was observed in Aubrac breed cattle meat (p<0.05). The difference of the leucine amounts reached up to 0.45 g/kg (p<0.01) comparing to various crossbreed cattle meat.

scholarly journals Effects of processing on amino acids composition of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam De Wit) leaf meal

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
A.N Agbo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
White Lead ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Sun Drying

The high cost of animal protein sources has made it necessary to evaluate the use of alternative plant protein sources especially unconventional plant proteins. Leucaena leucocephala (white lead tree) is a leguminous plant, the leaves of which have the potential of being used as a plant protein source. Leucaena leaf has been analysed to have a crude protein value of 15.2-34.3%. The plant leaves were collected from the forage section of the College of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (CAAS) Mando, Kaduna. The first group of the leaves was divided into three and sun-dried for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours respectively. The second group was further divided into three subgroups which were soaked in water for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours then sun-dried. The two groups of the leaves were ground into leaf powder. The effects of sun-drying and soaking on amino acid composition of L. leucocephala leaves was investigated. The amino acid analysis was done by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) using the Technicon Sequential Multisample Amino Acid Analyser (TSM) Technicon Instruments Corporation, New York. The essential amino acids detected in L. leucocephala leaf were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine. Alanine, cysteine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine and proline were the non-essential amino acids detected. Sun-drying and soaking led to significant (P≤0.05) losses in the concentration of all the amino acids in the leaf samples (Sundried for 24 hours - SD1, Sundried for 48 hours - SD2, Sundried for 72 hours - SD3, soaked in water for 24 hours – SW1, soaked in water for 48 hours - SW2, soaked in water for 72 hours - SW3) when compared with the raw leaf samples (SU). Soaking caused higher reduction in the amino acid levels when compared to sun-drying in the test leaf meals which was significant at P≤0.05. The amino acid scores revealed that lysine and methionine were the limiting amino acids in L. leucocephala leaves relative to WHO/FAO/UNU standard for preschool aged children. Therefore, processed L. leucocephala leaves should be supplemented with other feed ingredients rich in these amino acids for animal feed production. Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala leaf, sun-drying, soaking, amino acid composition.

scholarly journals BIOACTIVATED BUCKWHEAT IN TERMS OF ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUEBIOACTIVATED BUCKWHEAT IN TERMS OF ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUE

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zenkova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sweetish Taste

Buckwheat is a gluten-free pseudocereal crop consumed as functional food in some regions. Traditionally, buckwheat grain is used to make buckwheat groats and flour. Bioactivation improves the nutritional value of buckwheat grain by activating hydrolytic enzymes that make nutrients available for the plant’s growth and for the human body. The article contains research on the content of nutrients in bioactivated buckwheat grain of the Kupava variety grown in Belarus. The study examined hulled buckwheat kernels (not steamed) of the botanical variety Kupava, cream-coloured with a greenish hue, with the humidity 12.0%, and with the proportion of sound kernels 99.4%. At the first stage of germination, bioactivated buckwheat grain was obtained in 48 hours. It had the following characteristics: humidity (39.2±1.0)%, sprout size (2.0±0.5) mm. According to the organoleptic parameters, the grain had a pleasant sweetish taste and a subtle nutty aftertaste. The components of bioactivated buckwheat grain that provide a person with the largest amounts of macronutrients are starch (31.84±0.6)%, sugars (5.1±0.3)%, and protein (5.67±0.02)%. Bioactivated buckwheat grain contains all essential amino acids (30.5% of the total quantity of amino acids). The limiting amino acid is threonine (amino acid score 31.7%). Of nonessential amino acids, there is a high content of glutamic acid (1.0972 g per 100 g). The difference ratio of the amino acid score is 54.75%, the potential biological value of the protein is 45.25%. 100 g of sprouted buckwheat grain contains 48.5% of the daily requirement of manganese, 24.0% of copper, 18.9% and 34.0% of iron (for women and for men respectively), about 23.0% of the daily requirement of vitamin B1, and 12.7% of the daily requirement of vitamin E. Besides, bioactivated buckwheat grain contains fibre (6.5% of the daily requirement on average). Bioactivated buckwheat grain can be consumed as a meal in its own right, as a side dish, as an additive to salads and fermented dairy products, or as a dessert when mixed with fruit purée, honey, or dried fruit.

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