Effect of selection for litter size and feeding programme on the performance of young rabbit females during rearing and first pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Quevedo ◽  
C. Cervera ◽  
E. Blas ◽  
M. Baselga ◽  
C. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Young Rabbit ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Litter Traits ◽  
Moderate Energy ◽  
Selection For

A total of 166 crossbred young female rabbits were used to study the effect of two types of crossbred does (H1 v. H2, old and current generations, respectively) from the cross of different generations of maternal lines selected for litter size, the use of a feeding programme based on a low energy rearing diet (F) and the presentation of a high-energy dietpre-partum(E) on the performance of young rabbit females until their first parturition and on the main litter traits at first kindling. Perirenal fat was thicker at the age of 3 months for H2 than for H1 does, but this difference disappeared at the first insemination (4·5 months). H2 does had a significantly larger total number and number of live pups at birth (+2·06 live pups) than H1, higher than expected (+1·06). As this greater foetal growth was obtained for a similar energy intake of does, possible differences may exist in partitioning and/or effficiencies of dietary and body energies in favour of foetal growth as the genetic propensity for litter size increased. The use of a low-energy diet significantly reduced the growth of does during the rearing period (−294 g), but they showed a greater compensatory growth during the first 4 weeks of gestation (+79 g) as a consequence of their higher energy intake, without any retardation in their reproductive development. Does receiving diet F until 28th day of gestation showed a significantly greaterpre-partumenergy intake and their number of pups born alive was lower (−1·3 pups). Finally, the litters of females receiving diet Epre-partumand during lactation had lower mortality during the 1st week (26·9 v. 42·9% dead pups) and throughout lactation than those receiving a moderate energy diet.

Long-term effect of selection for litter size and feeding programme on the performance of reproductive rabbit does 1. Pregnancy of multiparous does

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 739-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Quevedo ◽  
C. Cervera ◽  
E. Blas ◽  
M. Baselga ◽  
J. J. Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Low Energy Diet

AbstractA total of 166 crossbred does were used to study the possible long term effect of two types of crossbred does (H1 v. H2, old and current generations, respectively) from the cross of different generations of lines selected for litter size, the use of a feeding programme based on a low-energy diet during the rearing and the administration of a high-energy diet during reproductive life, on the performance and body condition of multiparous pregnant does. Selection did not affect the live weight (LW) of does at the effective artificial insemination (AI; 4257 g), the LW change (+12·3 g/day) and food intake (172 g dry matter (DM) per day) until the 28th day of pregnancy. However, H2 does showed greater LW losses during the pre-partum period than H1 does (120+g;P<0·05), perhaps related to their higher prolificacy (+1·1 total pups born;P<0·05). H2 does showed a higher perirenal fat thickness (PFT) at first AI (+0·12 mm;P<0·05) than H1 does, these differences disappearing at effective AI. Females given a high-energy reproduction diet showed a lower LW at effective AI than those receiving a medium-energy diet (4210, 4305 g, respectively;P<0·05). However, type of reproduction diet did not affect the LW and PFT changes of pregnancy does, reaching partum with a similar PFT (8·83 v. 8·93 mm) and maintaining the differences in LW. Pregnant does given high-energy diet consumed 20 g DM and 1·4 g digestible protein per day less than does receiving medium-energy diet until the 28th day of pregnancy, but their digestible energy (DE) intake was significantly higher (+78 kJ DE per day;P<0·05). Does given high-energy diet showed a significantly lower litter size at birth (−0·7 pups;P<0·05), although there were no significant differences in the number of pups born alive (9·54 and 9·76 pups for high and medium-energy diets, respectively). Pups from does given high-energy diet were slightly weightier than those from medium-energy diet (+5·4 g;P<0·05). Multiparous pregnant does that received a low-energy diet ad libitum during the rearing period and first pregnancy showed a higher LW at effective AI (+137 g LW;P<0·05) but a lower PFT (−0·26 mm;P<0·05) than those females that received a medium-energy diet restricted during this same period. These differences were maintained at parturition (+142 g LW and −0·20 mm;P<0·05). Feeding programme during rearing affected neither the food intake of multiparous pregnant does until the 28th day of pregnancy, nor the litter size and weight at birth. The interval between parturitions was not affected by the selection for litter size or the reproduction diet received, but was longer for does that received the low-energy diet ad libitum during the rearing period (+2·9 days;P<0·05). In conclusion, rabbit selection programmes by litter size seem to be working well, but high energy reproduction diets, frequently used to cover their higher energy requirements, must be used carefully out of lactation in the long term to avoid a reduction in litter size.

Effects of dietary energy levels on ovarian and uterine expression of IGF-1R and EGFR mRNA in prepubertal gilts

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Li Bo ◽  
Zhang He ◽  
Zhang Jing ◽  
Sun Bo-Xing ◽  
Chen Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Moderate Energy ◽  
Epidermal Growth

AbstractNine prepubertal gilts (JunMu No. 1) were randomly allocated into three groups (n=3) and fed with a high-energy diet (Group H), a low-energy diet (Group L), or a moderate-energy diet (Group M) for 14 days. Free access to water was provided throughout the research period. Ovaries and uteri were collected after the energy treatments, and processed for determination of the absolute quantities of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of IGF-1R and EGFR mRNA in ovaries and uteri was significantly ranked as: Group H>Group M>Group L (P<0.05). This result suggests that high energy intake markedly enhanced the ovarian and uterine expression of IGF-1R and EGFR in prepubertal gilts, whereas insufficient energy intake markedly inhibited such expression. IGF-1R and EGFR may be involved in mediating the effects of energy intake on the development of the reproductive system in prepubertal gilts.

scholarly journals A study of the protein requirements of the mature breeding ewe

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
N Retention

1. An experiment was carried out in which protein utilization in the pregnant ewe was studied using the nitrogen balance technique.2. Eight diets supplying four different intakes of crude protein and two different intakes of energy were each offered to eight individually penned ewes.3. The mean crude protein intakes per day were 7·2, 5·5, 4·1 and 3·0 g/kg W0·73 (where W = body-weight) and the metabolizable energy intakes 134 and 113 kcal/kg W0·73.4. N balances were carried out at 10–12, 14–16 and 18–20 weeks of gestation on five ewes from each treatment.5. The apparent digestibility of both dry matter and crude protein decreased with decreasing protein intake. With the high energy intake, the apparent dry-matter digestibility was increased and the apparent digestibility of crude protein decreased. Stage of gestation had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of either of these constituents.6. N retention was not affected by the number of foetuses carried. With the higher energy intake and the higher protein intakes, the absolute retention of N was significantly increased at all stages of gestation. N retention increased with advancing pregnancy; the retentions at 10–12, 14–16 and 18–20 weeks of gestation being 0·086, 0·114 and 0·163 g/kg W0·73 per day respectively.7. The efficiency of utilization of apparently digested N was calculated from the regression of retained N as a percentage of apparently digested N against apparently digested N.8. The daily intakes of apparently digested N required for maximum efficiency were 0·551 and 0·620 g/kg W0·73 on the high and low energy intakes respectively. The daily intake for maximum efficiency decreased with advancing pregnancy, the values being 0·623, 0·587 and 0·567 g/kg W0·73 for the 10–12, 14–16 and 18–20 weeks of gestation respectively.9. The levels of N retained at maximum efficiency were 0·235 and 0·202 g/kg W0·73 per day for the high and low energy intakes respectively. The levels of N retained increased during pregnancy from 0·170 g/kg W0·73 per day at 10–12 weeks to 0·286 g/kg W0·73 at 18–20 weeks. The requirements for zero N balance were 0·072 and 0·153 g apparently digested N/kg W0·73 per day for the high and low energy intakes respectively. The requirement for zero N balance decreased from 0·176 g/kg W0·73 per day at 10–12 weeks to 0·071 g/kg W0·73 at 18–20 weeks.10. The results are discussed in relation to other research findings and current recommendations.

scholarly journals Cracker shape modifies ad libitum snack intake of crackers with cheese dip

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 988-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianne van Eck ◽  
Anouk van Stratum ◽  
Dimitra Achlada ◽  
Benoît Goldschmidt ◽  
Elke Scholten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Food Properties ◽  
Moderate Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Energy Intake Rate

AbstractFood and energy intake can be effectively lowered by changing food properties, but little is known whether modifying food shape is sufficient to influence intake. This study investigated the influence of cracker shape and cheese viscosity on ad libitum intake of cracker–cheese combinations. Forty-four participants (thirteen males, 23 (sd 3) years, BMI 21 (sd 2) kg/m2) participated in four late afternoon snack sessions (2 × 2 randomised crossover design). Iso-energetic crackers were baked into flat squares and finger-shape cylindrical sticks and combined with a cheese dip varying in viscosity. Approximately eighty crackers and 500 g cheese dip were served in separate large bowls. Participants consumed crackers with cheese dip ad libitum while watching a movie of 30 min. Dipping behaviour and oral processing behaviour were measured simultaneously by hidden balances under the cheese bowls and video recordings. Cracker intake (28 (sem 1) crackers) of cracker–cheese combinations was not influenced by cracker shape. Cheese intake of cracker–cheese combinations was 15 % higher for flat-squared than finger-shape crackers (131 kJ, P = 0·016), as a larger amount of cheese was scooped with flat-squared crackers (2·9 (sem 0·2) v. 2·3 (sem 0·1) g cheese per dip, P < 0·001) and showed higher eating rate and energy intake rate (P < 0·001). Eating rate over snacking time decreased by reducing bite frequency (P < 0·001) while cheese dip size remained fairly constant (P = 0·12). Larger energy intake from condiments was facilitated by increased cracker surface, and this did not trigger earlier satiation. Changing food carrier surface may be a promising approach to moderate energy intake of often high energy dense condiments, sauces and toppings.

Thyroid hormone status and nutrient intake in the free-living elderly. Interest of reverse triiodothyronine assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Goichot ◽  
JL Schlienger ◽  
F Grunenberger ◽  
A Pradignac ◽  
R Sapin
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Reverse Triiodothyronine ◽  
Hormone Status

Goichot B, Schlienger JL, Grunenberger F, Pradignac A, Sapin R. Thyroid hormone status and nutrient intake in the free-living elderly. Interest of reverse triiodothyronine assessment. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 130:244–52. ISSN 0804–4643 Fasting or hypocaloric diets are established methods of inducing low triiodothyronine (T3) levels that resemble the sick euthyroid syndrome in adults, but little is known on the mechanisms of this syndrome in the elderly. Decreasing T3 does not seem to be an unavoidable consequence of ageing, but the role of illness or other factors in this decline remains unclear. The aim of this work was to study the influence of nutritional factors on thyroid hormone levels in free-living elderly subjects. A 3-day dietary survey was conducted in 440 randomized subjects aged between 65 and 96. Cholesterol, apoproteins, prealbumin, hemoglobin, thyrotropin-free thyroxine (FT4), FT3 and reverse T3 (rT3) were assayed in each subject. Only 11 subjects had low FT3 levels, and they also had low levels of cholesterol, prealbumin and hemoglobin and a lower Folstein score compared to the rest of the population. Twenty-one subjects had isolated elevated rT3 levels, they were older and had significantly lower energy and fat intakes than the rest of the population. There was a clear reduction in FT3 levels and an increase in rT3 levels with age, although in the normal ranges, which occurred despite maintenance of a high-energy intake even in the oldest group. The FT3 level was lower in the subjects with poor health status, whereas high rT3 levels were associated with low energy intake in men. Stepwise regression showed that hemoglobin, age and prealbumin were the best predictors of FT3 levels, whereas age and energy intake were the main predictors of rT3 levels. Our results confirm the low prevalence of the low T3 syndrome in healthy elderly persons, and demonstrate the existence of another group of elderly subjects with isolated elevated rT3 levels. Whereas a low FT3 level seems to be associated with illness, rT3 is clearly associated with a low energy intake. Other studies are necessary to appreciate the specificity of this association and the usefulness of rT3 as an indication of nutrient intake. JL Schlienger, Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Hautepierre, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France

THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE DURING SUCCESSIVE LACTATIONS ON SOW PROLIFICACY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. KIRKWOOD ◽  
B. N. MITARU ◽  
A. D. GOONERATNE ◽  
R. BLAIR ◽  
P. A. THACKER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Sow Lactation ◽  
Farrowing Rate

From selection prior to the production of their first litters, 101 Yorkshire × Landrace sows were allocated to be ad libitum fed either a control (CE) or high energy diet (HE) during each of four successive lactations. Diets CE and HE supplied 13.7 and 15.6 MJ. DE kg−1, respectively. Sows were treated similarly during each gestation. Although HE sows tended to have a greater digestible energy intake, they lost more weight during each lactation (P < 0.05). Maternal weight gains between each farrowing decreased with successive parities (P < 0.05). Litter size at the second and subsequent farrowings was greater (P < 0.05) for the HE than CE sows. The overall mean litter size for the HE and CE sows was 10.1 and 9.3 piglets, respectively. A similar trend was noted for live births (9.7 vs. 8.9) and numbers weaned (8.3 vs. 7.9). There was no consistent effect of treatment on pig weights at birth or 21 d of lactation. No treatment or parity effects were evident for preweaning pig mortality. The weaning to conception interval was longer for HE sows in the first parity (14.9 vs. 11.1 d), but more CE sows were culled for reproductive problems. No treatment effects were noted for mean interval to conception, proportion mated within 8 d or subsequent farrowing rate in parities 2, 3 or 4. There was no effect of initial gilt breeding weight on the ability to produce up to four litters. It is concluded that low lactation digestible energy intake may limit subsequent litter size. Key words: Sow, lactation, nutrition, reproductive performance

scholarly journals Relation between nutrition and fertility in pigs.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. den Hartog ◽  
G.J.M. van Kempen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
High Energy Intake ◽  
Suitable Sequence

A review of experiments on the effect of energy and protein intake on fertility in gilts suggested that a high energy intake shortly before oestrus (flushing) increased ovulation rate. Although high energy intake gave more ovulations than low energy intake, embryonic mortality was greater. The most suitable sequence during rearing, flushing and early pregnancy seemed to be low, high and low energy, respectively. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour under low and high energy turnover conditions in overweight women

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1249-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca L. Burton ◽  
Dalia Malkova ◽  
Muriel J. Caslake ◽  
Jason M. R. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Turnover ◽  
Substrate Metabolism ◽  
Observation Period

The present study aimed to investigate whether substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour differed between high and low energy turnover conditions. Thirteen overweight premenopausal women completed two 1 d trials: low energy turnover (LET) and high energy turnover (HET), in a randomised, cross-over design. In LET, subjects consumed a test breakfast (49 % carbohydrate, 37 % fat, 14 % protein) calculated to maintain energy balance over a 6 h observation period, during which metabolic rate and substrate utilisation were measured and blood samples taken. Immediately following this anad libitumbuffet meal was provided. HET was identical to LET, except that subjects walked on a treadmill for 60 min at 50 % VO2maxbefore the test breakfast, which was increased in size (by about 65 %) to replace the energy expended during the walk and maintain energy balance over the observation period. Postprandial fat balance (i.e. the difference between fat intake and oxidation) was lower and carbohydrate balance higher in HET compared with LET throughout the postprandial period (P < 0·05 for both). After the buffet meal, carbohydrate balance did not differ between trials but energy and fat balances were lower (by 0·28 MJ and 11·6 g, respectively) in HET compared with LET (P < 0·001 for both). Carbohydrate balance immediately before the buffet meal correlated negatively with buffet energy intake (r− 0·49) and postprandial acylated ghrelin responses (r− 0·48), and positively with postprandial glucose responses (r0·49). These findings demonstrate that HET resulted in a more positive carbohydrate balance than LET, which associated with lower subsequent energy intake. This may have implications for the regulation of body weight.

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