Effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on carcass characteristics and organ weights of Iberian pigs growing between 50 and 100 kg live weight

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barea ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
M.A. García ◽  
M.A. Vílchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractThe effects of dietary protein content and level of feeding on carcass characteristics and organ weights were studied in castrated male Iberian pigs growing from 50 to 100 kg live weight (LW). Animals were offered four diets providing 145, 120, 95 and 70 g ideal crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 13·94, 14·29, 14·56 and 14·83 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg DM, respectively. Three levels of feeding were assayed: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95 of ad libitum intake. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg LW. Daily gain in carcass (carcass gain, g/day) and protein deposition (PD, g/day) in this component attained 76·2% and 78·8% of whole-body average daily gain and PD, respectively. Carcass gain improved with each decrease in dietary CP from 145 up to 120 g/kg DM and then levelled off. A small but significant effect of dietary CP on carcass composition was observed, due to an enhanced fat deposition in pigs fed the lowest protein content diet. Mean values of protein, fat, ash and water contents in the carcass were 101·8, 522·7, 27·6 and 353·7 g/kg respectively. PD in the eviscerated carcass was not affected significantly by dietary protein level but tended to reach a maximum value with the diet that provided 95 g CP per kg DM: 55·7 g/day at the highest feeding level assayed. Carcass energy retention (MJ/day) increased significantly (P<0·001) with decreasing dietary protein supply and on increasing level of feeding. Raising feed intake resulted in a significant decrease for carcass and a concomitant increase for viscera, as proportions of empty body weight (P<0·05 andP<0·001, respectively). Proportional weights of shoulder and ham were not affected either by dietary CP content or feeding level. Proportionate weights of dissectable fat in the shoulder and intermuscular and subcutaneous fat in the ham were not affected by CP content of the diet. In contrast, intermuscular fat content of ham was increased by feeding level (P<0·05), likely with implications for the quality of the cured meat product.

Effects of dietary protein content and food intake on carcass characteristics and organ weights of growing Iberian pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nieto ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
M. A. Vílchez ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

AbstractThe effects of dietary protein content and level of feeding on carcass characteristics and organs weight were evaluated in 72 male castrated Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg live weight. Animals were offered six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (CP) (N × 6·25) per kg dry matter (DM) and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg DM, respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding : 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95 × ad libitum intake. Mean values of protein, fat, ash and water contents in the carcass determined at 50 kg live weight were 130, 378, 28·2 and 458 g/kg, respectively, with a small but significant effect of CP content of the diet on carcass composition (P <0·001 to P <0·01) favouring both protein and fat content on decreasing dietary protein level. Protein deposition (PD) in the eviscerated carcass reached a maximum value when the diet containing 129 g CP per kg DM was offered (54·6 g/day at the highest feeding level). Nitrogen (N) retention in the carcass represented 70·9% of whole-body N retention and the efficiency of this process (carcass N retention : N intake) increased with declining dietary protein content (P <0·001). Carcass energy retention increased significantly with decreasing dietary CP content (P <0·001) and with feeding level (P <0·001). Raising energy intake resulted in a significant increase on total weight of viscera as proportion of empty body weight (P <0·001). Decreasing the CP content in the diet resulted in a lower proportional shoulder weight (P <0·01) meanwhile the proportion of ham decreased significantly (P <0·05) with increase in feeding level. The proportionate weights of dissectable fat in the shoulder and of intermuscular and subcutaneous fat in the ham increased significantly (P <0·05 and P <0·001) in response to decreasing dietary CP content meanwhile only ham intermuscular fat content increased with feeding level (P <0·001). Thus, decreasing dietary protein concentration from well in excess of requirements and increasing energy intake enhance N and fat retention in the carcass but also increases intermuscular fat content in the ham of the Iberian pig with possible implications for meat quality.

The effect of plane of nutrition on the performance and carcass characteristics of pigs slaughtered at 100 kg live weight

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Walker ◽  
I. H. Heaney ◽  
D. H. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYFour equally spaced feeding levels, estimated to cover the range of commercial practice, were examined using a total of 208 pigs over the live-weight range 28–100 kg. The pigs were penned in groups of six or eight and were balanced for sex within pens. Three centres participated in the experiment contributing five, two and one replicates respectively.Efficiency of feed conversion was not significantly affected over the range of feed intakes studied, thus daily gain was linearly related to feed intake. A 10 decrease in feed intake increased killing-out percentage by 0·3 unit and decreased backfat thickness by 1 mm at both the shoulder and mid rump. The corresponding changes in the percentages of subcutaneous fat plus skin and meat were similar in magnitude at approximately 0·85 unit.Muscle quality was reduced with higher feed intakes but weight of liver, as increased. Details of other offal weights and carcass measurements are given.

scholarly journals Growth and carcass characteristics in wether lambs of a crossbred dam line

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. van Heelsum ◽  
R.M. Lewis ◽  
M.H. Davies ◽  
W. Haresign
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Group Breeding ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractWhile crossing of specialized sire and dam breeds can be biologically efficient overall, a by-product is produced in the form of (crossbred) males of the dam line that are unwanted for breeding. In the UK sheep industry, most commercial females are first crosses between males of ‘longwool’ crossing sire breeds, predominantly the Bluefaced Leicester, and females of hill breeds. Genetic improvement of carcass quality in longwool breeds would benefit the surplus F1 males as well as filter through to the terminal sire cross lambs produced by the F1 ewes. As a first step, this paper aims to describe the growth and carcass characteristics of crossbred ‘Mule’ wether offspring of Bluefaced Leicester sires and Scottish Blackface and Hardy Speckled Face dams, and relate the crossbred performance to the ‘lean’ index and live conformation score of the sires and the breed of the dams. In each of 3 years, 1500 hill ewes divided over three sites were mated to 15 ram lambs, selected using an elliptical design to best represent the full spectrum of lean index (designed to improve muscle and decrease fat content while keeping live weight unchanged) and live conformation score present in the Penglas Bluefaced Leicester Group Breeding Scheme. Full growth and slaughter records were available on 2192 Mule wether lambs slaughtered after reaching finished condition, defined as the borderline between MLC fat class 2 and 3L. Measurements included live weight, ultrasonic muscle and fat depth, live conformation score, carcass hot and cold weight, MLC fat score (on the standard seven-point scale) and conformation score (EUROP and 15-point scale) and a visual estimation of subcutaneous fat cover. Nearly 800 carcasses were dissected; 20% had a full side and 80% a shoulder dissection. In part-dissected carcasses, shoulder dissection results were used to predict the fat and lean content of the other joints. Fat and lean percentages and absolute weights were then regressed on the lean index and the residual live conformation score of the sire. At the same finished condition, Scottish Blackface offspring were heavier, older, and had less fat and more lean based both on ultrasound and on carcass dissection measurements compared with Hardy Speckled Face offspring. The index score of the sire had a positive effect on the lean content and a negative effect on fat content of all joints. Conformation of the sire did not have a significant effect on any of the carcass composition measurements, but most conformation traits measured on the animal itself (live or on the carcass) were positively related to fat and negatively to lean content in the carcass. When taking into account differences in visually assessed subcutaneous fat percentage, the carcass conformation traits persisted only in having a positive effect on carcass fat content; none of the conformation traits had an effect on carcass lean content. The results show that selection of sires on lean index is an effective way to improve carcass composition in Mule wethers, but selection on conformation is ineffective.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing Iberian pigs from 15 to 50kg body weight

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nieto ◽  
A. Miranda ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Feeding Regimen

The effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and on the rates of gain, protein and fat deposition have been studied in seventy-two Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg body weight (BW) by means of comparative slaughter experiments. The animals were fed on six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (N×6·25; CP)/kg DM and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ ME/kg DM respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95×ad libitum intake. Protein deposition (PD) increased significantly (P<0·01) with each decrease in dietary CP content and reached a maximum value (74·0 g) when the diet providing 129 g CP/kg DM (6·86 g digestible ideal protein/MJ ME) was offered at the highest feeding level. This feeding regimen resulted in average values for live-weight gain and retained energy (RE) of 559 g/d and 10·9 MJ/d respectively. RE increased significantly (P<0·001) from 480 to 626 kJ/kg BW0·75 with each decrease in dietary CP content from 192 to 129 g/kg DM. Raising the level of feed intake led to significant linear increases in PD and RE irrespective of the diet fed (P<0·001). When diets approaching an adequate supply of CP were given, the net efficiency of use of ME for growth (kw) and the maintenance energy requirements were 58·2 % and 422 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d respectively.

Carcass characteristics of heavyweight crossbred lambs. II.* Carcass composition and partitioning of fat

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thompson ◽  
KD Atkins ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

Half-carcasses of 108 wether and ewe lambs from six genotypes, slaughtered at 34, 44 and 54 kg liveweight, were dissected into subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, muscle, bone and connective tissue. The six genotypes were the progeny of Dorset Horn and Border Leicester rams mated to Merino, Corriedale and Border Leicester x Merino first-cross ewes. As carcass weight increased, the proportion of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat increased (b > 1 ; P < 0.05) and the proportion of muscle and bone decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05). Lambs sired by Border Leicester rams had more subcutaneous fat (12.7%), more intermuscular fat (7.6%) and more bone (5.7%) than lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams at the same carcass weight (P< 0.05). Similarly, lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams had more muscle (7.2%) than lambs sired by Border Leicester rams at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). Breed of dam had no effect on carcass composition. Wether lambs had a greater proportion of bone (5.7%) than ewe lambs at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). The breed of sire effect and the lack of a breed of dam effect on carcass composition, in conjunction with estimated mature weights for the breeds, suggest possible differences between sire and dam breeds in the partitioning of fat between the carcass and non-carcass depots. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 30: 1197 (1979).

scholarly journals Increased dietary protein in the second trimester of gestation increases live weight gain and carcass composition in weaner calves to 6 months of age

animal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.G. Miguel-Pacheco ◽  
L.D. Curtain ◽  
C. Rutland ◽  
L. Knott ◽  
S.T. Norman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Live Weight Gain

A preliminary study of protein requirements of African cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
African Cattle ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Subsequent Improvement

1. A preliminary study of the protein requirements of young steers of two breeds of African cattle has been described. These requirements were assessed by studying body weight changes of groups of animals fed for 140 days on rations varying in protein content.2. There were only small differences between the breeds in their voluntary food intake while appetite seemed to be linearly related to protein content.3. The two breeds were equally efficient in food and protein utilization.4. Live-weight gain improved significantly as the protein content of the ration increased from 6 to 10%, but a further increase to 14% produced only a small subsequent improvement in growth.5. Maintenance of weight was estimated to occur at a digestible protein intake of only 48% of that recommended by Brody (1945), while the required digestible protein for one pound daily gain was in agreement with the National Research Council (1950) standard.

Effects of the percentage of Texel or Rouge de ľOuest genes in lambs on carcass characteristics and meat quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Carson ◽  
B. W. Moss ◽  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of the percentage of Texel or Rouge de l’Ouest (Rouge) genes in lambs (0, 50, 75 or 100%; the remainder being Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface)) on lamb carcass characteristics and meat quality. Ewe lambs were slaughtered at 34, 40, 46 and 52 kg and ram lambs were slaughtered at 40, 46, 52 and 58 kg live weight. Dressing proportion increased (P < 0·001) by 0·53 and 0·27 g carcass weight per kg live weight for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes respectively. Carcass conformation classification increased (P < 0·001) by 0·016 and 0·007 units (on a five-point scale) for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes respectively. Carcass fat depth measures were reduced by Texel and Rouge genes such that at a constant fat depth end point, carcass weight could be increased by 0·029 and 0·023 kg for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes. Carcass lean content increased (P < 0·001) by 0·99 and 0·27 g/kg for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes. Subcutaneous fat content was reduced (P < 0·001) by 0·36 and 0·29 g/kg for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes. Intermuscular fat content was reduced (P < 0·01) by 0·38 g/kg per 1% increase in Texel genes, whereas Rouge genes had no effect. Similarly, bone content was reduced (P < 0·01) by Texel genes only (0·31 g/kg per 1% increase in Texel genes). Warner-Bratzler shear force values showed a quadratic effect with increasing Texel and Rouge genes, with an initial decrease from 0 to 50% followed by an increase to 100%. Cooking loss increased (P = 0·05) as the percentage of Rouge genes in lambs increased. Increasing the percentage of Texel or Rouge genes significantly increased L* values (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively), b* values (P = 0·05 and P< 0·05 respectively) and H° values (P < 0·001).

scholarly journals Effects of restricted feeding and re-alimentation of dietary protein or energy on compensatory growth of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396
Author(s):  
W. Addah ◽  
A. Ayantunde ◽  
E.K. Okine
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Nutrient Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Daily Gain

The study investigated the effects of re-alimenting dietary protein or energy on growth, carcass characteristics and meat eating quality parameters of sheep. Twenty-seven intact rams (~9 months; 11.3 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was fed a maintenance diet (MT) containing, on dry matter (DM) basis, 105 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 8.4 MJ/kg DM metabolizable energy (ME) for 30 days. Thereafter, they were continually fed the same MT or re-alimented with a high protein diet (HP) containing 169 g/kg DM CP and 9.3 MJ/kg ME or a high energy diet (HE) containing 123 g/kg DM CP and 10.6 MJ/kg ME for an additional 30 days to determine the effects of re-alimentation of protein or energy on their growth performance and carcass characteristics. During the initial 30-day period, DM intake (DMI) and growth performance were similar among the three groups. However, upon re-alimentation, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of sheep re-alimented with HP were greater than those maintained continually on MT or re-alimented with HE. Sheep on HP had higher feed efficiency, ADG and heavier carcasses than those fed MT or re-alimented with HE during the whole 60-day period. Growth of most viscera was less responsive to the restriction-re-alimentation feeding regimen except for the weights of the lungs, heart and intestines. Meat from sheep re-alimented with HE had a more intense ‘sheepy’ flavour than those fed MT or re-alimented with HP, but juiciness and tenderness were not affected. The higher ADG of sheep re-alimented with protein may be related more to enhanced efficiency of feed utilization than to higher DMI.Keywords: average daily gain, feed restriction, nutrient utilization efficiency, visceral organs

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