scholarly journals Genetic diversity ofAnaplasmaspecies major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Ala Lew ◽  
Hans Lutz ◽  
Marina L. Meli ◽  
Regina Hofmann-Lehmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Major Surface

AbstractThe genusAnaplasma(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. An understanding of the diversity ofAnaplasmamajor surface proteins (MSPs), including those MSPs that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. Information concerning the genetic diversity ofAnaplasmaspp. MSPs will likely influence the development of serodiagnostic assays and vaccine strategies for the control of anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host–pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (S1) ◽  
pp. S285-S300 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. KOCAN ◽  
J. DE LA FUENTE ◽  
E. F. BLOUIN ◽  
J. C. GARCIA-GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Major Surface

The tick-borne intracellular pathogenAnaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. While erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. Many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. In this chapter we review recent research on the host–vector–pathogen interactions ofA. marginale. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction ofA. marginalewith host cells. The MSP1a protein, which is an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, is differentially regulated and affects infection and transmission ofA. marginalebyDermacentorspp. ticks. MSP2 undergoes antigenic variation and selection in cattle and ticks, and contributes to the maintenance of persistent infections. Phylogenetic studies ofA. marginalegeographic isolates usingmsp4andmsp1α provide information about the biogeography and evolution ofA. marginale:msp1α genotypes evolve under positive selection pressure. Isolates ofA. marginaleare maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection exclusion in cattle and ticks allows for only the infection of one isolate per animal. Prospects for development of control strategies by use of pathogen and tick-derived antigens are discussed. TheA. marginale/vector/host studies described herein could serve as a model for research on other tick-borne rickettsiae.

scholarly journals Detection of genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale isolates in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Elisabeth Pohl ◽  
Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz ◽  
Múcio Flávio Barbosa Ribeiro ◽  
Júlia Angélica Gonçalves da Silveira ◽  
Cornelia Silaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Major Surface

Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsiaAnaplasma marginale, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and results in economic losses in the cattle industry. Major surface proteins (MSPs) have been used as markers for the genetic characterization of A. marginale strains and demonstrate that many isolates may occur in a given geographic area. However, in Brazil, little is known about the genetic diversity of A. marginale isolates within individual herds. This study was designed to examine the genetic variation among A. marginale infecting calves in a farm in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Blood samples collected from 100 calves were used to prepare Giemsastained smears that were microscopically examined for the presence of A. marginale. From each blood sample, DNA was extracted and analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing to determine diversity among the isolates. Examination of blood smears showed that 48% of the calves were infected with A. marginale, while the real-time PCR detected 70.2% positivity. Congenital infections were found in four calves. The microsatellite and tandem repeat analyses showed high genetic diversity among the isolates.

scholarly journals Immune response of calves inoculated with proteins ofAnaplasma marginale bound to an immunostimulant complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Ribeiro Gasparini ◽  
Rafael Felipe da Costa Vieira ◽  
Denise Amaral Gomes do Nascimento ◽  
João Luis Garcia ◽  
Odilon Vidotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Third ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Major Surface

Despite our current knowledge of the immunology, pathology, and genetics of Anaplasma marginale, prevention in cattle is currently based on old standbys, including live attenuated vaccines, antibiotic treatment, and maintaining enzootic stability in cattle herds. In the present study, we evaluated the use of an immunostimulant complex (ISCOMATRIX) adjuvant, associated with a pool of recombinant major surface proteins (rMSP1a, rMSP1b, rMSP4 and rMSP5) to improve the humoral immune response triggered in calves mainly by IgG2. Ten calves were divided in three groups: 4 calves were inoculated with the ISCOMATRIX/rMSPs (G1); 2 calves were inoculated with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant (G2); and 4 calves received saline (G3). Three inoculations were administered at 21-day intervals. In G1, the calves showed significant increases in total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 levels 21 days after the second inoculation, compared to the control group (p < 0.05), and G1 calves remained above the cut-off value 28 days after the third inoculation (p < 0.05). The post-immunized sera from calves in G1 reacted specifically for each of the rMSPs used. In conclusion, the ISCOMATRIX/rMSPs induced antigen-specific seroconversion in calves. Therefore, additional testing to explore the protection induced by rMSPs, both alone and in conjunction with proteins previously identified as subdominant epitopes, is warranted.

scholarly journals Upregulation of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Proinflammatory Cytokines by the Major Surface Proteins of Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum, the Phylogenetic Group IV Oral Spirochetes Associated with Periodontitis and Endodontic Infections

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Hoon Lee ◽  
Kack-Kyun Kim ◽  
Bong-Kyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Pdl Cells ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Endodontic Infections ◽  
Major Surface

ABSTRACT Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum belong to the group IV oral spirochetes and are associated with endodontic infections, as well as periodontitis. Recently, the genes encoding the major surface proteins (Msps) of these bacteria (MspA and MspTL, respectively) were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of these proteins showed significant similarity. In this study we analyzed the functional role of these homologous proteins in human monocytic THP-1 cells and primary cultured periodontal ligament (PDL) cells using recombinant proteins. The complete genes encoding MspA and MspTL without the signal sequence were cloned into Escherichia coli by using the expression vector pQE-30. Fusion proteins tagged with N-terminal hexahistidine (recombinant MspA [rMspA] and rMspTL) were obtained, and any possible contamination of the recombinant proteins with E. coli endotoxin was removed by using polymyxin B-agarose. Flow cytometry showed that rMspA and rMspTL upregulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in both THP-1 and PDL cells. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, was also induced significantly in both cell types by the Msps, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas IL-1β synthesis could be detected only in the THP-1 cells. The upregulation of ICAM-1, IL-6, and IL-8 was completely inhibited by pretreating the cells with an NF-κB activation inhibitor, l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. This suggests involvement of NF-κB activation. The increased ICAM-1 and IL-8 expression in the THP-1 cells obtained with rMsps was not inhibited in the presence of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), a natural inhibitor of IL-1. Our results show that the Msps of the group IV oral spirochetes may play an important role in amplifying the local immune response by continuous inflammatory cell recruitment and retention at an infection site by stimulation of expression of ICAM-1 and proinflammatory cytokines.

scholarly journals Leishmania mexicana Mutants Lacking Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI):Protein Transamidase Provide Insights into the Biosynthesis and Functions of GPI-anchored Proteins

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1183-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Hilley ◽  
Jody L. Zawadzki ◽  
Malcolm J. McConville ◽  
Graham H. Coombs ◽  
Jeremy C. Mottram
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Putative Protein ◽  
Major Class ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Major Surface

The major surface proteins of the parasitic protozoonLeishmania mexicana are anchored to the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. We have cloned the L. mexicana GPI8 gene that encodes the catalytic component of the GPI:protein transamidase complex that adds GPI anchors to nascent cell surface proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutants lacking GPI8 (ΔGPI8) do not express detectable levels of GPI-anchored proteins and accumulate two putative protein–anchor precursors. However, the synthesis and cellular levels of other non–protein-linked GPIs, including lipophosphoglycan and a major class of free GPIs, are not affected in the ΔGPI8 mutant. Significantly, the ΔGPI8 mutant displays normal growth in liquid culture, is capable of differentiating into replicating amastigotes within macrophages in vitro, and is infective to mice. These data suggest that GPI-anchored surface proteins are not essential to L. mexicana for its entry into and survival within mammalian host cells in vitro or in vivo and provide further support for the notion that free GPIs are essential for parasite growth.

scholarly journals Capsular Antigen Fraction 1 and Pla Modulate the Susceptibility of Yersinia pestis to Pulmonary Antimicrobial Peptides Such as Cathelicidin

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1456-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela M. Galván ◽  
Melissa A. S. Lasaro ◽  
Dieter M. Schifferli
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Capsular Antigen ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Residue Substitution ◽  
Major Surface

ABSTRACT Inhaled Yersinia pestis produces a severe primary pneumonia known as pneumonic plague, which is contagious and highly lethal to humans and animals. In this study, we first determined the susceptibility of Y. pestis KIM6 to antimicrobial molecules of the airways. We found that (i) rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (rBALF) effectively killed KIM6 cells growing at 37°C; (ii) the antibacterial components of rBALF were small peptides (<10 kDa) that included two cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs), the rat cathelicidin rCRAMP, and β-defensin RBD-1; (iii) the human cathelicidin LL-37 killed KIM6 cells as well as rBALF did; and (iv) the bactericidal property of LL-37 was synergistically amplified by human β-defensin 1, another constitutively expressed pulmonary CAMP. Second, the effects of three major surface proteins of Y. pestis, namely, the capsular antigen fraction 1 (F1), the pH 6 antigen (Psa fimbriae), and the outer membrane protease Pla, on the bactericidal effect of the antimicrobial rBALF peptides was determined with corresponding deletion mutants. We showed that (i) a Y. pestis psa mutant was only slightly more susceptible to rBALF than the parental KIM6 strain, (ii) a caf (F1 gene) mutant and a caf psa mutant were resistant to rBALF or LL-37, (iii) a caf pla mutant was as susceptible to the effect of rBALF or LL-37 as KIM6 was (caf + pla +), and (iv) only the single caf mutant (pla +), but not KIM6 or the caf pla double mutant, degraded LL-37. The activity of Pla toward LL-37 was confirmed with pla mutants carrying a single-residue substitution affecting plasminogen cleavage. Taken together, our data indicated that Pla might act as a virulence factor not only by processing plasminogen but also by inactivating CAMPs, particularly when F1 is not expressed.

scholarly journals Influenza’s Newest Trick

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery K. Taubenberger
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Protease Activation ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Major Surface ◽  
Cleavage Motif

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses are important pathogens for humans and for many birds and mammals. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the major surface proteins of this enveloped RNA virus. Hemagglutinin requires proteolytic cleavage for activation, but because the viral genome does not encode its own protease, an exogenous serine protease must be provided by host cells. A novel, neuraminidase-dependent mechanism for hemagglutinin activation was described, in which a thrombin-like protease allows an influenza A/H7N6 virus, isolated from a mallard duck, to replicate systemically and induce enhanced disease in avian and mammalian model animals and to replicate in vitro in the absence of trypsin. Thrombin-like protease activation required the N6 neuraminidase, but also required the presence of a thrombin-like cleavage motif in the H7 hemagglutinin. This novel example of neuraminidase-dependent hemagglutinin activation demonstrates the extraordinary evolutionary flexibility of influenza A viruses and is a fascinating example of epistasis between the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes.

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