Molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: where do we go?

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Boerlin ◽  
Patrick Boerlin
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology

Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of virulence genes among multi-drug resistant clinical isolates in Iran

Gene Reports ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 101281
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Sadr ◽  
Seyed Alireza Fahimzad ◽  
Abdollah Karimi ◽  
Fatemeh Fallah ◽  
Shahnaz Armin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Drug Resistant

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridioides difficile in Germany, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 311 (4) ◽  
pp. 151507
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohamed Mostafa Abdrabou ◽  
Zia Ul Habib Bajwa ◽  
Alexander Halfmann ◽  
Alexander Mellmann ◽  
Anna Nimmesgern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile

scholarly journals Mechanisms of quinolone resistance and implications for human and animal health

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
Maja Velhner ◽  
Gordana Kozoderovic ◽  
Zora Jelesic ◽  
Igor Stojanov ◽  
Radomir Ratajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Target Enzyme

Quinolone antibiotics have been widely used in human and veterinary medicine. This has caused the development of resistance and difficulties in the treatment of complicated bacterial infections in humans. The resistance to quinolones develops due to chromosome mutations and it can also be transferred by plasmids. The target enzyme for quinolones in Gram-negative bacteria is Gyrasa A, while the target enzyme in Grampositive bacteria is mostly topoisomerase IV. Gyrase A consists of two subunits encoded by genes gyrA and gyrB. The function of the enzyme is to introduce negative super coiling in DNA and therefore is essential for the replication of bacteria. Quinolone resistance develops if point mutations at 83 and/or 87 codon are introduced on gyrA. Establishing a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to this group of antimicrobials will reveal possible mutations. Recently it was discovered that quinolone resistance is transmittable by plasmid termed PMQR (plasmid mediated quinolone resistance). The target gene marked qnr encodes a pentapeptide repeat family protein. Pentapeptide repeats form sheets, involved in protein-protein interactions. Qnr protein binds to GyrA protecting the enzyme from the inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin. The distribution of qnr related resistance is higher in humans than in animals. In poultry, however, this type of resistance is present more than in other animals. Plasmid mediated resistance contributes to the faster spread of quinolone resistance. Proper food handling will significantly contribute to decreasing the risk from infection to which people are exposed. In medical and veterinary laboratories antimicrobial resistance monitoring in clinical and environmental isolates is advised. Since correlation between antibiotics application and antimicrobial resistance is often suggested, antimicrobial use must be under strict control of the authorities both in human and in veterinary medicine. .

scholarly journals Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP) Annual Report 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W Coombs ◽  
Denise A Daley ◽  
Shakeel Mowlaboccus ◽  
Yung Thin Lee ◽  
Stanley Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Australian Capital Territory ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Outcome Programme

From 1 January to 31 December 2018, thirty-six institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2018 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the E. faecium isolates. Of the 1,248 unique episodes of bacteraemia investigated, 93.5% were caused by either E. faecalis (54.2%) or E. faecium (39.3%). Ampicillin resistance was not detected in E. faecalis but was detected in 89.4% of E. faecium. Vancomycin non-susceptibility was not detected in E. faecalis but was reported in 45.0% of E. faecium. Overall 49.3% of E. faecium isolates harboured vanA or vanB genes. Of the vanA/vanB positive E. faecium isolates, 52.9% harboured vanA genes and 46.2% vanB genes; 0.8% harboured both vanA and vanB genes. The percentage of E. faecium bacteraemia isolates resistant to vancomycin in Australia is substantially higher than that seen in most European countries. E. faecium consisted of 59 multilocus sequence types (STs) of which 74.4% of isolates were classified into six major STs containing ten or more isolates. All major STs belong to clonal cluster (CC) 17, a major hospital-adapted polyclonal E. faecium cluster. The predominant STs (ST17, ST1424, ST796, ST80, ST1421, and ST262) were found across most regions of Australia. The most predominant clone was ST17 which was identified in all regions except the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Overall, 55.8% of isolates belonging to the six predominant STs harboured vanA or vanB genes. The AESOP 2018 study has shown that enterococcal bacteraemias in Australia are frequently caused by polyclonal ampicillin-resistant high-level gentamicin-resistant vanA- or vanB-harbouring E. faecium which have limited treatment options.

scholarly journals Salmonella enterica in Invasive Lizard from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago: Serotyping, Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2017
Author(s):  
Carlos R. Abrahão ◽  
Luisa Z. Moreno ◽  
Jean C. R. Silva ◽  
Nilson R. Benites ◽  
Carlos E. C. Matajira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Fernando De Noronha

Salmonella infection can pose serious health issues, especially to children, elders or immunosuppressed humans. Wild populations of reptiles can reach Salmonella prevalence of up to 100% and the direct or indirect transmission from reptiles to humans have been extensively reported. Fernando de Noronha (FN) is an inhabited oceanic archipelago in the northeast coast of Brazil, with an economy based on tourism. The tegu (Salvator merianae) is the largest lizard native to South America and was introduced to the archipelago in the early 20th century. This study determines the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica in the tegu population from FN archipelago. Results show that S. enterica is widely distributed in the FN tegu population, with 43.8% prevalence. The bacteria were isolated from 70.5% of the sampled sites and a total of 15 serotypes were detected in 98 S. enterica isolates. Strains were further classified into 31 genotypes. Recaptured animals presented distinct genotypes in each season, demonstrating a seasonal strain turnover. Most S. enterica isolates from FN tegus presented low antimicrobial resistance. This is possibly due to geographical isolation of the island population, hampering contact with strains from livestock from the continent, where antimicrobial resistance is common.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Vietnam in 2011 and 2015–16

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1432-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Thi Lan ◽  
Daniel Golparian ◽  
Johan Ringlander ◽  
Le Van Hung ◽  
Nguyen Van Thuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Objectives Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, compromising gonorrhoea treatment, is a threat to reproductive health globally. South-East and East Asia have been major sources of emergence and subsequent international spread of AMR gonococcal strains during recent decades. We investigated gonococcal isolates from 2011 and 2015–16 in Vietnam using AMR testing, WGS and detection of AMR determinants. Methods Two hundred and twenty-nine gonococcal isolates cultured in 2015–16 (n = 121) and 2011 (n = 108) in Vietnam were examined. AMR testing was performed using Etest and WGS with Illumina MiSeq. Results Resistance among the 2015–16 isolates was as follows: ciprofloxacin, 100%; tetracycline, 79%; benzylpenicillin, 50%; cefixime, 15%; ceftriaxone, 1%; spectinomycin, 0%; and 5% were non-WT to azithromycin. Eighteen (15%) isolates were MDR. The MIC range for gentamicin was 2–8 mg/L. Among the 2015–16 isolates, 27% (n = 33) contained a mosaic penA allele, while no isolates had a mosaic penA allele in 2011. Phylogenomic analysis revealed introduction after 2011 of two mosaic penA-containing clones (penA-10.001 and penA-34.001), which were related to cefixime-resistant strains spreading in Japan and Europe, and a minor clade (eight isolates) relatively similar to the XDR strain WHO Q. Conclusions From 2011 to 2015–16, resistance in gonococci from Vietnam increased to all currently and previously used antimicrobials except ceftriaxone, spectinomycin and tetracycline. Two mosaic penA-containing clones were introduced after 2011, explaining the increased cefixime resistance. Significantly increased AMR surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship and use of WGS for molecular epidemiology and AMR prediction for gonococcal isolates in Vietnam and other Asian countries are crucial.

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