Simple and EuroWordNet

Terminology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Vouros ◽  
Eugenia Eumeridou
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Conceptual Systems ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Ontological Framework ◽  
Organizational Principles

Since concepts are the starting point of all terminological work, it follows that the development of a terminological base should place the main emphasis on the development of a conceptual system. The major objective of the PROMETHEUS project was the development of a generic ontological framework for the design of conceptual systems that would support searching, exploring and navigating multilingual terminological bases, at least for the European languages. Such a framework must provide the necessary semantic distinctions for structuring conceptual systems in specific domains in order to solve semantic problems inherent in linguistic ontologies and to provide a common ontological backbone for sharing and exploiting multilingual terminologies. The paper compares and reports on two well-established ontological frameworks for the development of multilingual resources for the European languages: EuroWordNet (EWN) and SIMPLE top ontologies. It investigates the correspondences between these frameworks, their underlying principles and their suitability to serve as organizational backbones in terminological knowledge bases. Finally, the paper concludes with a description of the implemenetation of the framework, which is based on the organizational principles underlying these multilingual resources.

scholarly journals Extending semantic context analysis using machine learning services to process unstructured data

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Anja Wilhelm ◽  
Wolfgang Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Unstructured Data ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
Modelling Process

The primary focus of technical communication (TC) in the past decade has been the system-assisted generation and utilization of standardized, structured, and classified content for dynamic output solutions. Nowadays, machine learning (ML) approaches offer a new opportunity to integrate unstructured data into existing knowledge bases without the need to manually organize information into topic-based content enriched with semantic metadata. To make the field of artificial intelligence (AI) more accessible for technical writers and content managers, cloud-based machine learning as a service (MLaaS) solutions provide a starting point for domain-specific ML modelling while unloading the modelling process from extensive coding, data processing and storage demands. Therefore, information architects can focus on information extraction tasks and on prospects to include pre-existing knowledge from other systems into the ML modelling process. In this paper, the capability and performance of a cloud-based ML service, IBM Watson, are analysed to assess their value for semantic context analysis. The ML model is based on a supervised learning method and features deep learning (DL) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques. The subject of the analysis is a corpus of scientific publications on the 2019 Coronavirus disease. The analysis focuses on information extractions regarding preventive measures and effects of the pandemic on healthcare workers.

scholarly journals Orthographies in Grammar Books – Rationalism and Enlightenment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Stojanov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Starting Point

This work describes the orthographic content in grammars of European languages in the 17th and the 18th century. Reviewed were 17 grammars for 7 languages in Rationalism, 15 grammars for 11 languages in the Enlightenment, and 12 Latin orthographies. As for orthographic entities in the broader sense (orthography as a way to write down speech), our starting point were orthographic grapheme units which are contrasted to meaning (i.e. orthographic entities in the narrower sense, e.g. punctuation). Contrary to the traditional description which focused on spelling, this work observes the beginnings of orthographic content in grammars and its development into an autonomous language phenomenon and norm. The strong connection between orthography and grammar is described and it is established that, from the diachronic point of view, orthography cannot be integrally reviewed without studying the grammatical teachings.

Creating metaphor in context

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kövecses
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Systems Change ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Conceptual Systems ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Universal Nature

The issue of context has been, in the main, neglected in cognitive linguistic and much other work on how conceptual systems change and vary. In most recent work on conceptual systems, the issues of embodied cognition and the universal nature of cognitive operations have been emphasized. By contrast, my major goal in this paper is to attempt to characterize some of the contextual factors that are involved in shaping the conceptual system. My focus will be on metaphorical concepts, as well as on the interaction between metaphorical aspects of the conceptual system and contextual factors. I also suggest that the different conceptual factors do not mechanically and automatically lead to differences in the metaphorical conceptualization of a concept. Instead, they can affect non-metaphorical aspects of concepts.

Scholar and Mentor: Vladimir Stasov and the Promotion of Russian Needlecrafts

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-304
Author(s):  
K. Andrea Rusnock
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Art And Culture

Abstract Vladimir Stasov, well-known as a champion of Russian art and music, proved equally forceful as an advocate for Russian needlework. Yet this key component of his scholarship has been relegated to secondary status; remedying this neglect is the aim of this article. Stasov’s well-known publication, Russkii narodnyi ornament (1872), has traditionally been discussed as a treatise on ornament, however its main emphasis was needlework and it needs to be analyzed as such. Further, Stasov influenced others to take up the cause of Russian national needle art, in particular Sofia Davydova whose tome on Russian lace, Russkoe kruzhevo i russkie kruzhevnitsy (1886), made a major contribution to Russian art and culture. Stasov’s scholarship and promotion of needlework needs to be thoroughly understood in order to have a more complete understanding of Russian material culture and this article is a starting point toward that goal.

Work on the Early Ottoman Period and Qaramanlis

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Pennell
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
General Guide ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

Research on Libya during the first Ottoman and Qaramanli periods has been handicapped by the lack of a theme. Much work on these periods has been done to a large extent as spin-off from other research contingent on Libya, and new publications in European languages have been few. Their effect has been to cast a bright light on some corners of the subject, but the rest has been left in deep shadow. What follows is a summary of what has been done, together with some suggestions about where concerned research might be directed.A starting point for any research is bibliography. Bono (1982) provides a general guide to western sources on Libya which includes material on the period, while his earlier article (Bono 1979) concentrates on scarce published sources, some of which come from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.Another problem facing researchers is access to contemporary material. There is an immense quantity of consular material in archives in Britian, France and in particular Italy, some of which has been used. Individual longer accounts have been published as well, particularly of manuscript sources.Among the most interesting manuscripts are the longer, coherent accounts of people who stayed in Tripoli for extended periods. The journals of Thomas Baker, the English Consul in Tripoli between 1677 and 1685, fall into this category, and are discussed below. The guidebook written in 1767 by Anthony Knecht, British Vice-Consul, gives considerable information about the diplomatic, political and economic life of the city (Pennell 1982).Another way of dealing with these extensive sources is to write commentaries on them. In the first issue of Libyan Studies the works of James Bruce, the Scottish eighteenth century traveller, were discussed (Cumming 1970). This is also the approach adopted by ‘Imad al-Din Ghanim (1982), in his article in Arabic about an anonymous French account, translated into German in 1708 (Allerneuster Zustand der Afrikanischen Konigreiche Tripoli, Tunis and Algier, von einem gelehrten Jesuiten bey verricheter Skavelosung, Hamburg 1708).

scholarly journals Horn Clause Contraction Functions

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 475-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Delgrande ◽  
R. Wassermann
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Logic ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Description Logics ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Classical Propositional Logic ◽  
Horn Clauses ◽  
Related Notion ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Representation Result ◽  
Obvious Extension

In classical, AGM-style belief change, it is assumed that the underlying logic contains classical propositional logic. This is clearly a limiting assumption, particularly in Artificial Intelligence. Consequently there has been recent interest in studying belief change in approaches where the full expressivity of classical propositional logic is not obtained. In this paper we investigate belief contraction in Horn knowledge bases. We point out that the obvious extension to the Horn case, involving Horn remainder sets as a starting point, is problematic. Not only do Horn remainder sets have undesirable properties, but also some desirable Horn contraction functions are not captured by this approach. For Horn belief set contraction, we develop an account in terms of a model-theoretic characterisation involving weak remainder sets. Maxichoice and partial meet Horn contraction is specified, and we show that the problems arising with earlier work are resolved by these approaches. As well, constructions of the specific operators and sets of postulates are provided, and representation results are obtained. We also examine Horn package contraction, or contraction by a set of formulas. Again, we give a construction and postulate set, linking them via a representation result. Last, we investigate the closely-related notion of forgetting in Horn clauses. This work is arguably interesting since Horn clauses have found widespread use in AI; as well, the results given here may potentially be extended to other areas which make use of Horn-like reasoning, such as logic programming, rule-based systems, and description logics. Finally, since Horn reasoning is weaker than classical reasoning, this work sheds light on the foundations of belief change

Morphological structure governs the process of accessing grammatical gender in the course of production

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Dank ◽  
Avital Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
Organizational Principles ◽  
Gender Congruency Effect ◽  
Syntactic Context

The present study investigated the process of accessing gender information when producing inanimate nouns in Hebrew. The Picture Word Interference paradigm was used to manipulate gender congruency between target pictures and spoken distractors. Naming latency and accuracy were measured. The gender congruency effect has been tested in various Indo-European languages, with mixed results. It seems to depend on both language-specific attributes and the syntactic context of the utterance. Speakers’ insensitivity to gender congruency was observed at 3 SOAs (Experiment 1a–1c). Neither the production of bare nouns (Experiments 1 & 3) nor gender-marked NPs (Experiment 2) elicited the effect. Nevertheless, the same procedure and targets revealed a semantic effect. The present findings in Hebrew deviate from previous results obtained with Indo-European languages. The results are discussed in connection with Hebrew’s nonconcatenative morphological features and the way linguistic characteristics govern the organizational principles of the mental lexicon and lexical access.

scholarly journals COLOR DESIGNATIONS AS A COMPONENT OF THE LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
K. Buzaubagarova ◽  
◽  
G. Onalbayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Text ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Conceptual Systems ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the study of color vocabulary, namely, the study of color meanings in their aspect, which is associated with the description in the literary text of color images.The importance of color in a person's life is great. Color determines the physiological processes, can increase performance, activity, or, conversely, promotes relaxation. Whether a language is the only conceptual system, or whether there are a number of conceptual systems equivalent to the number of languages, is a question discussed by many linguists. The reason for the continuing interest in this research object is the possibility of studying new aspects of color associations and their activity in the conceptualization of mental entities.

scholarly journals GENDER ORDERING AS AN INDICATOR OF LINGUISTIC SEXISM IN STANDARD AVERAGE EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas Pappas ◽  
Ioannis D. Karras
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Feminist Movements

The examination of gender in relation to language is an interdisciplinary endeavour that has been the subject of interest of linguists, sociologists, anthropologists, communication experts, psychologists, and scholars in other disciplines, especially after the 1960s, having as its starting point the feminist movements by the end of that decade. Since then, there has been an ongoing debate on whether language endorses sexism, or sexism contributes to the formation of a language. Both discourse and language reflect social realities governed by hierarchy and dominance and consequently reproduce or perpetuate the network of dominant gender biases and stereotypes. This paper will focus on the way language functions in favour of dominant groups and on the means that it uses to convey those asymmetric social structures in terms of grammar, syntax, and semantics within the Standard Average European linguistic area. The secondary objective of the paper is to demonstrate the existence of the aforementioned elements in all of the languages in question, despite not being amongst their grouping criteria. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0798/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

A GRAPH MATCHING ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM TRANSLATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 77-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
YING FENG ◽  
ROBERT L. GOLDSTONE ◽  
VLADIMIR MENKOV
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Random Graphs ◽  
Computational Efficiency ◽  
Graph Matching ◽  
External Information ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Conceptual Systems ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Attributed Graph

ABSURDIST II, an extension to ABSURDIST, is an algorithm using attributed graph matching to find translations between conceptual systems. It uses information about the internal structure of systems by itself, or in combination with external information about concept similarities across systems. It supports systems with multiple types of weighted or unweighted, directed or undirected relations between concepts. The algorithm exploits graph sparsity to improve computational efficiency. We present the results of experiments with a number of conceptual systems, including artificially constructed random graphs with introduced distortions.

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