Chapter 11. Task complexity, language anxiety, and the development of the simple past

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international ◽

10.1017/s0069005800006652 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 263-290

Author(s):

J. Anthony VanDuzer

Keyword(s):

Free Trade Agreement ◽

Dispute Settlement ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Minimum Standards ◽

The North ◽

State Behaviour ◽

Nafta Chapter 11 ◽

To Come ◽

The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Download Full-text

Gender Differences in the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) Are Not Due to Task Complexity

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001.29.3.130 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 130-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Corinna Titze ◽

Martin Heil ◽

Petra Jansen

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Mental Rotation ◽

Task Complexity ◽

Time Constraints ◽

Medium Effects ◽

Performance Factors ◽

Mental Rotations ◽

Sufficient Power ◽

Forced Choice Tasks ◽

Choice Tasks

Gender differences are one of the main topics in mental rotation research. This paper focuses on the influence of the performance factor task complexity by using two versions of the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). Some 300 participants completed the test without time constraints, either in the regular version or with a complexity reducing template creating successive two-alternative forced-choice tasks. Results showed that the complexity manipulation did not affect the gender differences at all. These results were supported by a sufficient power to detect medium effects. Although performance factors seem to play a role in solving mental rotation problems, we conclude that the variation of task complexity as realized in the present study did not.

Download Full-text