Spatial metaphors in antonym pairs across sign languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112-141
Author(s):  
Carl Börstell ◽  
Ryan Lepic
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Physical Sign ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Systematic Pattern ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We analyze sign locations in 776 signs from 16 antonym pairs across 27 sign languages to examine metaphorical mappings of emotional valence (positive vs. negative) along different spatial axes. We conduct both an automatic and a manual analysis of sign location and movement direction, to investigate cross-linguistic patterns of spatial valence contrasts. Contrary to our hypothesis, negative valence concepts are generally articulated higher up than their positive counterparts. However, when we consider movement in space, we find that although signs generally move downward over time, positive valence concepts are associated with upward movements more often than their negative counterparts. This points to a systematic pattern for vertical valence contrasts – a known metaphor across languages – iconically mapped onto physical sign articulation. We similarly, but surprisingly, find a difference in movements along the sagittal axis, such that outward movement is associated with positive valence concepts more often than negative.

The pattern of force produced during approach-avoidance movements is independent of emotional valence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Dam ◽  
Zach Catron ◽  
Cassidy Segura Clouse
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Approach Behaviors ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Pushing And Pulling

Movements that include pushing away and pulling towards oneself are important avoidance and approach behaviors, respectively. Previous research has demonstrated that reaction times are more rapid when approach-like movements are undertaken in response to pleasant emotional stimuli and when avoidant movements are carried out in response to unpleasant emotional stimuli. However, few studies have directly investigated the forces applied during self-referenced approach or avoidance movements. Here we measured the sustained forces of pushing and pulling in response to emotional images. The images presented varied in ratings of emotional arousal (i.e., relaxing versus exciting) and valence (positive valence, or pleasant, versus negative valence, or unpleasant). Our results replicate previous findings that documented force produced in response to unpleasant images. Our findings also revealed that, in contrast to their impact on reaction times, the effects of emotional stimuli on the sustained forces associated with approach and avoidance responses are independent of the direction of movement.

scholarly journals Caregiving Appraisals and Emotional Valence: Buffering Effect of Activity Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Lee ◽  
Nicholas Cone
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Activity Participation ◽  
National Study ◽  
Activity Restriction ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Negative Appraisal ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Positive Valence

Abstract Caregiving activities often lead to positive and negative appraisal for caregivers. Caregivers may limit social participation due to caregiving activities. Changes in level of activity participation could have profound consequences for caregiver’s valence. However, little is known about how activity participation could moderate the association between these caregiving appraisals and emotional valence. Data came from the National Study of Caregiving (Round 1 and 2), a nationally representative study of caregivers. Referencing Lawton’s two-factor model (1990), we examined both the level and changes in activity restriction interacting with positive and negative caregiving appraisals to predict both valence across two waves. Consistent with two factor models, findings revealed level and changes in activity restriction moderated the relationship between caregiving appraisal and outcomes for both valences. These findings highlight the role of activity restriction as a target to reduce negative valence and improve positive valence for caregivers.

scholarly journals Parallel valence processing alterations associated with compulsive behavior in SAPAP3 knockout mice and human OCD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget L. Kajs ◽  
Peter J. van Roessel ◽  
Gwynne L. Davis ◽  
Leanne M. Williams ◽  
Carolyn I. Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Positive Valence

Abnormalities in valence processing - the processing of aversive or appetitive stimuli - may be an underrecognized component of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Independent experimental paradigms have suggested disturbance of emotional valence systems in OCD, yet no standardized assay has been employed to assess both negative and positive valence processing in clinical studies of OCD patients, either at baseline or in response to therapeutic interventions. Additionally, preclinical rodent models are critical for treatment discovery in OCD, yet investigations examining whether rodent models of compulsive behavior similarly show alterations in valence systems have been limited. We sought to establish paradigms for assessing valence processing across both human OCD patients and in a preclinical rodent model: in OCD patients, we used validated behavioral tests to assess explicit and implicit processing of fear-related facial expressions (negative valence) and socially-rewarding happy expressions (positive valence); in the SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mouse model of compulsive behavior, we used auditory fear conditioning and extinction (negative valence) and reward-based operant conditioning (positive valence). We find that OCD patients show enhanced negative and impaired positive valence processing, and that performance on valence processing tasks correlates with clinical measures of OCD severity. We further find that SAPAP3 KO mice show heightened negative and impaired positive valence processing alterations similar to those of OCD patients. Our results show parallel valence processing abnormalities in OCD patients and a preclinical rodent model of compulsive behavior, and suggest valence processing alterations as novel therapeutic targets across a translational research spectrum.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Discourse on Twitter: How the Topics, Sentiments, Subjectivity, and Figurative Frames Changed Over Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wicke ◽  
Marianna M. Bolognesi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Over Time

The words we use to talk about the current epidemiological crisis on social media can inform us on how we are conceptualizing the pandemic and how we are reacting to its development. This paper provides an extensive explorative analysis of how the discourse about Covid-19 reported on Twitter changes through time, focusing on the first wave of this pandemic. Based on an extensive corpus of tweets (produced between 20th March and 1st July 2020) first we show how the topics associated with the development of the pandemic changed through time, using topic modeling. Second, we show how the sentiment polarity of the language used in the tweets changed from a relatively positive valence during the first lockdown, toward a more negative valence in correspondence with the reopening. Third we show how the average subjectivity of the tweets increased linearly and fourth, how the popular and frequently used figurative frame of WAR changed when real riots and fights entered the discourse.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: When Symmetric and Curved Visual Contour Meet Intentional Instructions: Hedonic Value and Preference

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110215
Author(s):  
Erick G. Chuquichambi Apaza ◽  
Guido B. Corradi ◽  
Enric Munar ◽  
Jaume Rosselló-Mir
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Hedonic Tone ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Visual Contour ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Positive And Negative Valence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Symmetry and contour take part in shaping visual preference. However, less is known about their combined contribution to preference. We examined the hedonic tone and preference triggered by the interaction of symmetry and contour. Symmetric/curved, symmetric/sharp-angled, asymmetric/curved, and asymmetric/sharp-angled stimuli were presented in an implicit and explicit task. The implicit task consisted of an affective stimulus-response compatibility task where participants matched the stimuli with positive and negative valence response cues. The explicit task recorded liking ratings from the same stimuli. We used instructed mindset to induce participants to focus on symmetry or contour in different parts of the experimental session. We found an implicit compatibility of symmetry and curvature with positive hedonic tone. Explicit results showed preference for symmetry and curvature. In both tasks, symmetry and curvature showed a cumulative interaction, with a larger contribution of symmetry to the overall effect. While symmetric and asymmetric stimuli contributed to the implicit positive valence of symmetry, the effect of curvature was mainly caused by inclination toward curved contours rather than rejection of sharp-angled contours. We did not find any correlation between implicit and explicit measures, suggesting that they may involve different cognitive processing.

Emotionality effects in ambiguous word recognition: The crucial role of the affective congruence between distinct meanings of ambiguous words

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199000
Author(s):  
Pilar Ferré ◽  
Juan Haro ◽  
Daniel Huete-Pérez ◽  
Isabel Fraga
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Ambiguous Word ◽  
Semantic Ambiguity ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Affective Meanings ◽  
Valence Effect ◽  
Affective Word

There is substantial evidence that affectively charged words (e.g., party or gun) are processed differently from neutral words (e.g., pen), although there are also inconsistent findings in the field. Some lexical or semantic variables might explain such inconsistencies, due to the possible modulation of affective word processing by these variables. The aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which affective word processing is modulated by semantic ambiguity. We conducted a large lexical decision study including semantically ambiguous words (e.g., cataract) and semantically unambiguous words (e.g., terrorism), analysing the extent to which reaction times (RTs) were influenced by their affective properties. The findings revealed a valence effect in which positive valence made RTs faster, whereas negative valence slowed them. The valence effect diminished as the semantic ambiguity of words increased. This decrease did not affect all ambiguous words, but was observed mainly in ambiguous words with incongruent affective meanings. These results highlight the need to consider the affective properties of the distinct meanings of ambiguous words in research on affective word processing.

scholarly journals Roles in violent interactions in early adolescence: Relations with personality traits, friendship and gender

Psihologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Petar Colovic ◽  
Jasmina Kodzopeljic ◽  
Dusanka Mitrovic ◽  
Bojana Dinic ◽  
Snezana Smederevac
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
School Students ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Bully Victims ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
And Gender

The aim of this study is to examine the relations between roles in violent interactions and personality traits (congruent to dimensions of Big Seven lexical model), number of friends, and gender. The study was conducted on a sample of 1095 elementary school students from Serbia (51.4% female), aged 11-14. The results revealed that membership in the victims group corresponds to smaller number of friends, low Extraversion, high Neuroticism and Conscientiousness and male gender, while higher Aggressiveness, Negative and Positive Valence, lower Neuroticism, and male gender increase the odds of membership in the bullies group. The role of bully-victims corresponds to smaller number of friends, higher Negative Valence and Neuroticism, and male gender. The results point to differences between roles in violent interaction with regard to patterns of personality traits and social behavior.

scholarly journals When Symmetric and Curved Visual Contour Meet Intentional Instructions: Hedonic Value and Preference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Gustavo Chuquichambi ◽  
Guido Corradi ◽  
Jaume Rossello ◽  
Enric Munar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Hedonic Tone ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Visual Contour ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Positive And Negative Valence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Symmetry and contour take part in shaping visual preference. However, less is known about their combined contribution to preference. We examined the hedonic tone and preference triggered by the interaction of symmetry and contour. Symmetric/curved, symmetric/sharp-angled, asymmetric/curved, and asymmetric/sharp-angled stimuli were presented in an implicit and explicit task. The implicit task consisted of an affective stimulus-response compatibility task where participants matched the stimuli with positive and negative valence response cues. The explicit task recorded liking ratings from the same stimuli. We used instructed mindset to induce participants to focus on symmetry or contour in different parts of the experimental session. We found an implicit compatibility of symmetry and curvature with positive hedonic tone. Explicit results showed preference for symmetry and curvature. In both tasks, symmetry and curvature showed a cumulative interaction, with a larger contribution of symmetry to the overall effect. While symmetric and asymmetric stimuli contributed to the implicit positive valence of symmetry, the effect of curvature was mainly caused by inclination toward curved contours rather than rejection of sharp-angled contours. We did not find any correlation between implicit and explicit measures, suggesting that they may involve different cognitive processing.

113 Effects of Sleep on Intrusive Symptoms and Emotion Reactivity in a Laboratory-Based Film Analogue Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A46-A46
Author(s):  
Anna Marie Nguyen ◽  
Rebecca Campbell ◽  
Abigail Vance ◽  
Ellen Leen-Feldner
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Emotion Reactivity ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Acute Sleep Deprivation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction Recent literature highlights the need to focus on the impact of intrusive symptoms as a possible risk factor for the development and maintenance of PTSD. Cognitive and sleep models also contribute to the further understanding of intrusive symptoms. Further emotion work emphasizes that disgust is an emotion closely associated with the emergence of posttraumatic stress symptomology following traumatic events. Methods This study utilized a film eliciting disgust to examine the effects of acute sleep deprivation on the intensity of intrusive symptoms and emotion reactivity. Forty-nine college students were randomly assigned to sleep as usual or an acute sleep deprivation after watching a disturbing film. It was hypothesized that, relative to the control group, participants who were acutely sleep deprived would report higher frequency of intrusive symptoms and higher negative valence. Results Findings were partially consistent with hypotheses. There were no group or interaction effects on intrusive symptoms, although participants across both groups reported significant decreases in negative valence and intrusive symptoms across the study (F(1, 47) = 10.30, p < 0.01). There was a significant interaction effect between sleep group and self-reported negative valence, where individuals in the sleep deprived group reported significantly higher valence than individuals in the control group, despite significant decreases in negative valence over time (F(1, 48) = 7.869, p < 0.01). Conclusion Possible mechanisms that may contribute to the significant difference in valence may be due to higher order emotion regulation strategies that are compromised due to sleep loss. However, the significant decreases in negative valence and intrusive symptoms over time may be due to methodological factors or the type of sleep manipulation. Further work can address these challenges by using a larger sample size or examining the effects of chronic, partial sleep deprivation. Support (if any):

Teacher Ethnotheories & Child Temperament: Impact on Classroom Interactions

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
June Kean
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood Teachers ◽  
Classroom Interactions ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Child Temperament ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Target Children ◽  
Social Behaviours

The effects of eight teachers’ ethnotheories (beliefs and values) were examined in relation to interactions in the classroom (teachers, target children) with two broad groupings of child temperament (Difficult Temperament N = 16, Easy Temperament N = 16) which were established on the basis of teachers’ ratings of child temperament using The Preschool Inventory (Billman, 1981). Temperament (individual behavioural style) was conceptualised as the manifestation of affective displays and social behaviours in context, with emotions acting as signals for interactions. Interviews were conducted with the teachers to elicit their beliefs and values, their expectations for children, and to establish their tolerance levels for the more difficult child behaviours. Sixty-four hours of classroom observations were conducted. A pattern of different positive and negative interactions emerged between the more difficult temperament group (Difficult Temperament), and those with relatively easy temperaments (Easy Temperament). Difficult Temperament children consistently gave and received from teachers more negative-valence in emotional and social behaviours, than the Easy Temperament children. Easy Temperament children displayed and were responded to with more positive-valence in emotional and social behaviours. Evidence was found for the impact of teacher tolerance levels and expectations on classroom interactions. These findings suggested that early childhood teachers need to give careful consideration to their beliefs and values in developing more effective teaching techniques for children with differing temperaments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document