Determiners and definiteness: Functional semantics and structural differentiation

2008 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Peter Harder
Keyword(s):  
Structural Differentiation

The Intertwined Histories of Personality and Social Psychology

2018 ◽  
pp. 10-34
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
World War I ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
World War ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Interaction Models

Personality and social psychology histories have been closely intertwined for more than a century. Several critical differences have at times acted to separate the fields. One such divergence involved their models of humans—whether largely irrational (personality emphasis) or largely rational (social emphasis). This difference has subsided with their joint acceptance of a “bounded rationality.” More important has been their difference in focus—the microlevel of the person versus the mesolevel of the group and situation. Now, both fields largely agree on a variety of interaction models that include both the person and the situation. We trace these tensions between the two fields across eras: (a) origins through World War I (1890–1919); (b) early developments (1920–1935); (c) war influences (1936–1950); (d) structural differentiation and slow acceptance (1951–1965); (e) dual crises (1966–1985); (f) coming back together again (1986–2000); and (7) continued fusion (2001–present).

scholarly journals Structural comparison of the rostra of two species of weevils coexisting on Ailanthus altissima: the response to ecological demands of egg deposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganyu Zhang ◽  
Wenjuan Guo ◽  
Xiaoyi Wang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Jin Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Structural Comparison ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Abstract Background Elongated rostra play an important role in the egg-laying of weevils, and its emergence plays a key role in the adaptive radiation of weevils. Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Motschulsky and E. brandti Harold co-occur on the same only host Ailanthus altissima, while their oviposition sites are different. In order to understand the adaptation between the rostra of the two weevils and their oviposition sites, the structural differentiation of the rostra in E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti was compared. Results The present study reveals that: (1) The rostra length of E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti was found to be correlated with body size, larger weevils have a correspondingly longer rostrum. The increase of rostra length may be a byproduct of larger weevils. (2) There were significant differences in the external shape of the two rostra, especially the shape of the mandibles of the mouthparts at the apex of the rostra used to excavate an oviposition cavity. (3) There was no difference in the size of the abductor muscles that control the extension of the mandibles, but there were significant differences in the size of the adductor muscles that control the contraction of the mandibles. Conclusions These structural differences reflect the functional potential ovipositional tactics of rostra, which is considered to be a response to the ecological demands of egg deposition, and also provide new insights into the coexistence of two weevil species in the same host A. altissima.

NONSTRUCTURAL CHROMOSOME DIFFERENTIATION AMONG WHEAT CULTIVARS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIFFERENTIATION OF CHROMOSOMES IN RELATED SPECIES

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-414
Author(s):  
Jan Dvořák ◽  
Patrick E McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosomes

ABSTRACT Wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was crossed with cultivars Hope, Cheyenne and Timstein. In all three hybrids, the frequencies of pollen mother cells (PMCs) with univalents at metaphase I (MI) were higher than those in the parental cultivars. No multivalents were observed in the hybrids, indicating that the cultivars do not differ by translocations. Thirty-one Chinese Spring telosomic lines were then crossed with substitution lines in which single chromosomes of the three cultivars were substituted for their Chinese Spring homologues. The telosomic lines were also crossed with Chinese Spring. Data were collected on the frequencies (% of PMCs) of pairing of the telesomes with their homologues at MI and the regularity of pairing of the remaining 20 pairs of Chinese Spring chromosomes in the monotelodisomics obtained from these crosses. The reduced MI pairing in the intercultivar hybrids was caused primarily by chromosome differentiation, rather than by specific genes. Because the differentiation involved a large part of the chromosome complement in each hybrid, it was concluded that it could not be caused by structural changes such as inversions or translocations. In each case, the differentiation appeared to be unevenly distributed among the three wheat genomes. It is proposed that the same kind of differentiation, although of greater magnitude, differentiates homoeologous chromosomes and is responsible, together with structural differentiation, for poor chromosome pairing in interspecific hybrids.

Structural Differentiation of the HIV-1 Poly(A) Signals

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan H. Gee ◽  
Wojciech Kasprzak ◽  
Bruce A. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION OF STACKED AND UNSTACKED CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANES

1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula W. Goodenough ◽  
L. Andrew Staehelin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Salt Medium ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Chloroplast Membranes ◽  
Particle Distributions ◽  
Low Salt

Wild-type chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi exhibit four faces in freeze-etchreplicas: the complementary Bs and Cs faces are found where the membranes are stacked together; the complementary Bu and Cu faces are found in unstacked membranes. The Bs face carries a dense population of regularly spaced particles containing the large, 160 ± 10 A particles that appear to be unique to chloroplast membranes. Under certain growth conditions, membrane stacking does not occur in the ac-5 strain. When isolated, these membranes remain unstacked, exhibit only Bu and Cu faces, and retain the ability to carry out normal photosynthesis. Membrane stacking is also absent in the ac-31 strain, and, when isolated in a low-salt medium, these membranes remain unstacked and exhibit only Bu and Cu faces. When isolated in a high-salt medium, however, they stack normally, and Bs and Cs faces are produced by this in vitro stacking process. We conclude that certain particle distributions in the chloroplast membrane are created as a consequence of the stacking process, and that the ability of membranes to stack can be modified both by gene mutation and by the ionic environment in which the membranes are found.

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