Rhetorical relations and verb placement in the early Germanic languages: A cross-linguistic study

2008 ◽  
pp. 329-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Petrova ◽  
Michael Solf
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Germanic Languages

Head Movement and Morphological Strength

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Wouter Zwart
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Verb Movement ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
The Rich ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Germanic Languages

In the Principles and Parameters framework of Generative Grammar, the various positions occupied by the verb have been identified as functional heads hosting inflectional material (affixes or features), which may or may not attract the verb. This gave rise to a hypothesis, the Rich Agreement Hypothesis (RAH), according to which the verb has to move to the relevant functional head when the corresponding inflectional paradigm counts as “rich.” The RAH is motivated by synchronic and diachronic variation among closely related languages (mostly of the Germanic family) suggesting a correspondence between verb movement and rich agreement. Research into this correspondence was initially marred by the absence of a fundamental definition of “richness” and by the observation of counterexamples, both synchronically (dialects not conforming to the pattern) and diachronically (a significant time gap between the erosion of verbal inflection and the disappearance of verb movement). Also, the research was based on a limited group of related languages and dialects. This led to the conclusion that there was at best a weak correlation between verb movement and richness of morphology. Recently, the RAH has been revived in its strong form, proposing a fundamental definition of richness and testing the RAH against a typologically more diverse sample of the languages of the world. While this represents significant progress, several problems remain, with certain (current and past) varieties of North Germanic not conforming to the expected pattern, and the typological survey yielding mixed or unclear results. A further problem is that other Germanic languages (Dutch, German, Frisian) vary as to the richness of their morphology, but show identical verb placement patterns. This state of affairs, especially in light of recent minimalist proposals relocating both inflectional morphology and verb movement outside syntax proper (to a component in the model of grammar interfacing between narrow syntax and phonetic realization), suggests that we need a more fundamental understanding of the relation between morphology and syntax before any relation between head movement and morphological strength can be reliably ascertained.

A comparative approach to syntactic change in the history of English

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN-WOUTER ZWART
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Germanic Languages

This programmatic article suggests that crucial aspects of syntactic change in the history of English derive from the resetting of a single parameter, the pied piping parameter. Whereas Old English (and the Modern Continental West Germanic languages) treats VP material individually, yielding characteristic patterns of object, particle, and verb placement, Modern English treats the VP as a collective, moving it to a position to the left of certain ‘low’ adverbs and adverbials. The shift from individual to collective movement is described in detail, with its repercussions on the position of the verb, its object(s), and the verbal particle. The emergence of a zero reflexive and the development of have as the exclusive perfect auxiliary are suggested to be long-term effects of the shift from individual to collective movement.

scholarly journals Nordic Word Order Database: Motivations, methods, material and infrastructure

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Lundquist ◽  
Ida Larsson ◽  
Maud Westendorp ◽  
Eirik Tengesdal ◽  
Anders Nøklestad
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
The North ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
The University ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

In this article, we present the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD), with a focus on the rationale behind it, the methods used in data elicitation, data analysis and the empirical scope of the database. NWD is an online database with a user-friendly search interface, hosted by The Text Laboratory at the University of Oslo, launched in April 2019 (https://tekstlab.uio.no/nwd). It contains elicited production data from speakers of all of the North Germanic languages, including several different dialects. So far, 7 fieldtrips have been conducted, and data from altogether around 250 participants (age 16–60) have been collected (approx. 55 000 sentences in total). The data elicitation is carried out through a carefully controlled production experiment that targets core syntactic phenomena that are known to show variation within and/or between the North Germanic languages, e.g., subject placement, object placement, particle placement and verb placement. In this article, we present the motivations and research questions behind the database, as well as a description of the experiment, the data collection procedure, and the structure of the database

scholarly journals Change from Above, Language Contact, and Individual Change in Ælfric’s Linguistic Terminology

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 337-355
Author(s):  
Yekaterina Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Functional Description ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Language System ◽  
Germanic Languages

AbstractThe paper focuses on linguistic terminology used by Ælfric (10th c.) in his translation of an anonymous Latin grammar (Excerptiones de arte grammatica anglicе) going back to Priscian and Donatus’ works. Ælfric’s grammatical metalanguage, comprising loan words, semantic loans, loan translations, and periphrastic expressions created for explanatory purposes, is characterized by great diversity. A question arises whether these terms, remaining occasional, made any impact on the language system and can be thus evaluated as change from above.The paper combines a traditional semantic, morphological, and functional description of Ælfric’s terminology and its consideration within the frame of sociolinguistics; the analysis is supplemented by a cross-linguistic study of Ælfric’s terms with remarks on other Germanic languages. The results achieved enable us to argue that Ælfric’s linguistic terminology, being innovative, displays some features of change from above, arising from language contact and individual change.

Regularity and frequency effects on plural processing in speakers with aphasia: A cross-linguistic study

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta Biedermann ◽  
Antje Lorenz ◽  
Catherine Mason ◽  
Elisabeth Beyersmann ◽  
Franziska Machleb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Linguistic Study

THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EMOTIONS AND AXIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN SLAVONIC PROVERBS AND IDIOMS: FROM CONSCIENCE TO ENVY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (29) ◽  
pp. 248-271
Author(s):  
Oleh Tyshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
English Text ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Better Than

The presented research reveals imagery-metaphoric and phraseological objectivities of the conceptual spheres Soul, Consciousness, Envy, Jealousy and Greed in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech and Slovak languages and conceptual picture of the world (first of all in proverbs and sayings, idioms, imagery means of secondary nomination both in standard language and its regional or dialectal variants) according to the indication of holistic characteristic and semantic intersection of these concepts. It describes the spheres of their typological coincidence and differences from the point of imagery motivation. It defines the symbolic functions of these ethno cultural concepts (object sphere) with respect to the specificity of manifestation of Envy in archaic texts, believes, in the language of traditional folk culture and archaic expressions with religious sense that reach Christian ideology, ideas of moral purity and dirt, Body and Soul. It has been defined the collocations with the components envy and jealousy in some thesauri and dictionaries in terms of the specificity of interlingual equivalence and expressions of envy and similar negative emotions and their functioning in the Ukrainian and English text corpora. The analysis demonstrated that practically in all compared languages and linguistic cultures Envy is associated with greed and jealousy, psychic disorders with a corresponding complex of feelings, expressed by metaphoric predicates of destruction and remorse that encode the moral and legal aspect of conscience (conscience is a judge, witness and executioner). Metaphor of Envy containing nominations of colours differ in the Slavonic and Germanic languages whereas those denoting spatial, gustatory, odour, acoustic and parametrical meaning are similar. Many imagery contexts of Envy correlate with such conceptual oppositions as richness and poverty, light and darkness; success is associated with the frames “foreign is better than domestic” where Envy encodes the meaning of encroachment upon another's property, “envy is better than sympathy”, “envy dominates where there are richness, success, welfare, happiness” which confirms the ideas of representatives in the field of psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology and sociology. In some languages the motives of black magic, evil eye (in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian) are rooted in the sphere of folk believes and invocations, as well as cultural anthroponyms.

INOVASI FONOLOGIS DENASALISASI DALAM ISOLEK BONAI ULAKPATIAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Yanti Riswara
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Research Findings

The paper is aimed at describing a language variation, that is Ulakpatian Bonai isolect  in Riau Province. This is a kind of historical linguistic study which  is objected to describe a phonological inovation process of denasalisation among nasal phonemes at final positions or at close ultimate sillables in an isolect used by Bonai tribe in Ulakpatian, Rokan Hulu District,  Riau  Province.  Analysis  of  inavation is based on protomalayic (PM)  which  is reconstructed by Adelaar.The research applicates  top-down method of anaysis which are gaining  the  results by deductive process. Data of  this  research are oral  speech of Bonai people  based  on  200  Swadesh  words.  The  data  are  gathered  by  conversational  and listening  methods  which  applied  several  techniques.  The  results  of  the  analysis  are presented by formal and informal methods. The research findings reveal that the language of the tribe shows three kinds of denasalisation of phonological innovation at final position which  have  changed  the  nasal  phonemes  of  *PM  to  unnasal  ones  in  isolek  Bonai Ulakpatian: (*PM > BU) , i.e. 1) PM *n/-# > []/-#, 2) PM *m/-# > [p]/-#, dan 3) PM * /-# > [g]/-#.Abstrak  Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sebuah variasi bahasa, yaitu isolek Bonai Ulakpatian yang terdapat di Provinsi Riau. Kajian ini merupakan kajian linguistik historis yang memaparkan proses inovasi fonologis denasalisasi yang terjadi pada fonem-fonem nasal yang berada pada posisi akhir atau silabe ultima tertutup dalam sebuah isolek yang digunakan oleh suku Bonai di Desa Ulakpatian, Kabupaten Rokan Hulu. Analisis inovasi fonologis tersebut didasarkan pada protomalayik (PM) yang direkonstruksi oleh Adelaar. Kajian ini menerapkan mentode analisis top-down yang bersifat deduktif. Data penelitian merupakan data tuturan masyarakat suku Bonai yang mengacu pada 200 kosakata dasar yang dijadikan rujukan dalam penjaringan data kebahasaan. Data dikumpulkan dengan penerapan metode cakap dan metode simak dengan menggunakan teknik pancing dan teknik rekam. Data dideskripsikan secara fonetis dengan simbol IPA. Hasil penelitian disajikan dengan metode formal dan informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolek Bonai Ulakpatian memiliki tiga bentuk inovasi fonologis denasalisasi pada posisi akhir beberapa fonem nasal *PM menjadi taknasal pada isolek BU (*PM > BU) , yaitu 1) PM *n/-# > []/-#, 2) PM *m/-# > [p]/-#, dan 3) PM * /-# > [g]/-#.

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