Teop – an Oceanic language with multifunctional verbs, nouns and adjectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Mosel
Keyword(s):  
Word Class ◽  
Class System ◽  
Elicitation Methods ◽  
Formal Differentiation ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Referential Expressions ◽  
Head Positions ◽  
Regular Patterns

Abstract The corpus-based analysis of Teop word classes demonstrates that lexical multifunctionality is not incompatible with the grammatical distinction between verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs, because this distinction does not manifest itself in their syntactic functions of heads of phrases, but in the kinds of modifier the words can combine with. Consequently, the Teop word class system falsifies all word class typologies that assume that a formal differentiation of event, object and property words presupposes a distinctive distribution across the head positions of determiner-marked referential expressions and TAM-marked predicative expressions. In addition to the multifunctionality of verbs, nouns and adjectives, the Teop lexicon shows regular patterns of conversion. The paper concludes with an assessment of the results and the limitations of the corpus-based approach and suggests four topics for further research: (1) the development of elicitation methods to supplement corpus-based analyses; (2) a typology of formally distinguished phrase types; (3) regular patterns of conversion across languages; and (4) possessive comparative constructions.

scholarly journals SISTEM KELAS KATA BERIMBUHANMENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA PORTER STEMMER SEBAGAI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA

Telematika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Muhamad Rosidin Rosidin
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Class System ◽  
Grammar System ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Root Word ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

AbstractClass of word are categories of forms, meanings and functions in the Indonesian grammar system. Determining the basic words of the word affix is still difficult. The word affix class system is a solution to determine the basic words at same time with the class of words that are affixed so that they can be used as learning Indonesian language. The word affix class system was developed using the PHP programming language. Porter algorithms are algorithms that are used to change the word affix into a root word. In this study, the word affix detected by system and separated by infiltration section, then system would process types of affixes juxtaposed with the root words to form a class of words. This can facilitate Indonesian language, basic words and word classes learning. The output is in the form of a table of steps in stemming process and determining affix words class.Keywords: Word Class, Porter, Porter Stemmer, Impression, Stemming AlgorithmAbstrakKelas kata adalah kategori bentuk, makna dan fungsi dalam sistem bahasa indonesia. Penentuan kata dasar dari kata berimbuhan masih sulit dilakukan. Sistem Kelas kata berimbuhan adalah solusi untuk menentukan kata dasar sekaligus dengan kelas kata berimbuhan sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Pengembangan sistem kelas kata berimbuhan berbasis web dan proses codingnya dengan bahasa pemrograman PHP. Porter algorithm merupakan algoritma stemming yang digunakan untuk mengubah kata berimbuhan menjadi kata dasar. Pada penelitian ini, kata berimbuhan dideteksi oleh sistem dan dipisahkan per bagian imbuhannya, kemudian sistem akan memroses jenis imbuhan yang disandingkan dengan kata dasar akan membentuk sebuah kelas kata. Hal ini dapat memudahkan pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia mengenai kata berimbuhan, kata dasar dan kelas kata. Stemming dan perumusan formula sangat mempengaruhi penentuan kelas kata, karena bahasa indonesia memiliki imbuhan yang kompleks dan memerlukan algoritma stemming yang memiliki kemampuan tinggi dalam menentukan root word. Terdapat sejumlah stemming algorithme yang telah dikembangkan, pada penelitian ini stemming porter algorithme yang dipakai dalam penentuan kata dasar. Output yang dihasilkan berupa table langkah-langkah dalam proses stemming dan penentuan kelas kata berimbuhan.Kata Kunci : Kelas Kata, Algoritma Porter, Porter Stemmer, Imbuhan, Stemming

Historical change of word classes

Diachronica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Gerner
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Temporal Parameter ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
Typical Process

This paper isolates four parameters that guide the historical change of word classes: the quantificational parameter, the directional parameter, the preservative parameter and the temporal parameter. These parameters are involved in the organization of seven case studies in East Asian languages. Based on these case studies I define four diachronic tendencies that apply to East Asian languages and perhaps beyond: (1) the greater the size of the target word class, the lower the number of new acquired meanings; (2) if a word class engages on a path of change, then the greater its size, the more likely it is that the process of change in which it engages will be lexicalization; (3) in a typical process of grammaticalization relatively more meanings are generated than in a typical process of lexicalization; (4) processes of grammaticalization represent temporally short processes more often than processes of lexicalization.

Word classes and the scope of lexical flexibility in Tongan

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Völkel
Keyword(s):  
Word Class ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Manner Adverb

Abstract Tongan is an Oceanic language belonging to the Polynesian subgroup. Based on previous work (Churchward 1953, Tchekhoff 1981, Broschart 1997), Tongan has been classified as a 'flexible' language by various typological approaches on word classes (Hengeveld 1992, Rijkhoff 1998, Croft 2001). This means that lexical items are per se not categorised in terms of major word classes, but they can function as noun, verb, adjective and manner adverb without morphosyntactic derivation. However, not all lexemes are entirely flexible occurring within all these constructions. So the crucial issue of how flexible Tongan really is remains. This question will be addressed by a survey based on a combination of syntactic and semantic word class criteria – basically following Croft's prototype approach (2000, 2001) but also considering Hengeveld & Rijkhoff's work (Hengeveld 1992, Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska 2004, Hengeveld 2013) Evans & Osada's work (2005). It reveals the scope of lexical flexibility for various lexemes and semantic groups.

Irregularity, paradigmatic layers, and the complexity of inflection class systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-51
Author(s):  
Jeff Parker ◽  
Andrea D. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Low Complexity ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Class System ◽  
Regular Patterns

The complexity of an inflection class system is the average extent to which elements in the system inhibit motivated inferences about the realization of lexemes’ paradigm cells. Systems tend to exhibit relatively low complexity in this sense. However, representations of inflectional systems tend to include only affixal and regular patterns, leaving questions about how irregular patterns and non-affixal ‘layers’ of inflectional exponence affect the complexity of systems. We address these questions by exploring four layers of inflectional exponence of Russian nouns, including irregular patterns within each layer. We find that Russian nouns exhibit relatively low complexity even when irregular and non-affixal exponence are included. Implicative structure and the uneven distribution of lexemes across classes mitigate the uncertainty associated with irregular and non-affixal exponence. Low systemic inflectional complexity is, thus, an emergent property that may extend beyond affixal and/or regular inflectional patterns.

A Dynamic Construal Approach to Lexical Transcategorial Shifts in Mandarin

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Ting Yang
Keyword(s):  
Word Class ◽  
Chinese Word ◽  
European Languages ◽  
On Line ◽  
Word Classes

A dynamic construal approach is adopted to address the word class transcategorial shifts in Mandarin. It is pointed out that the dispute on the classification of Chinese word classes and the consequent controversial proposals of nominalization, verbalization, etc. is in essence a matter of categorization. Instead of the static views, it holds that the categorization of word classes is dynamic and a cluster of factors affects the on-line categorizing process. From the dynamic construal view, Indo-European languages and Mandarin share analogous transcategorial shift processes.

Linguistic Word Classes in the Spoken Language of Normal, Hard-of-Hearing, and Deaf Children

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Brannon
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Word Class ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Word Classes

The spoken language of three groups of subjects—normal, hard-of-hearing, and deaf—was analyzed by means of a new classification system devised by Jones, Goodman, and Wepman. Each spoken word was sorted into one of 14 word classes. Group means for each word class were compared. It was concluded that a significant hearing impairment reduces productivity of both tokens and types of words. A moderate impairment lowers the use of adverbs, pronouns, and auxiliaries; a profound impairment reduces nearly all classes. In proportion to total word output the deaf overused nouns and articles, underused prepositions, quantifiers, and indefinites.

scholarly journals Središnje i periferno u gramatici hrvatskoga jezika

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Ivo Pranjković ◽  
Lada Badurina
Keyword(s):  
Word Class ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hybrid Forms

In this paper we focus on what is central and what is peripheral in the grammatical structure of the Croatian language, in particular on the grammatical categories of number, aspect and word classes. With respect to the category of number, the relationship between singular and plural is central, while the periphery consists of other ways of expressing quantity relations (number as a word class, collectiveness, substantivity). With respect to the category of aspect, the opposition imperfective – perfective is central, while the periphery consists of Aktionsart. With respect to word classes, the basic word classes are central, while the periphery consists of hybrid forms and/or hybrid word classes (e.g. participles, infinitive, gerunds, pronominal adjectives and pronominal adverbs, etc.). Finally, we will discuss the central and the peripheral in phonology and semantics (as peripheral areas in relation to grammar).

scholarly journals ANALYSIS WORD CLASSES IN SELECTED POEMS BY ALLAN ALEXANDER MILNE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nora Nopikasari ◽  
Ani Safitri ◽  
Agung Suhandi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The objectives of this study are to investigate the word class or known as part of speech from the chosen poems of Alan Alexander Milne. For that reason, five poems of him are analyzed: Wrong House, Furry Bear, If I Were King, The Mirror, dan Hoppity. This study applies descriptive qualitative methods. The procedure of the study covers several steps; dividing words into word class category, analyzing them statistically and reporting the result. Out of the five analyzed poems, there are three-word class categories; verb, noun, an adjective. The most dominant used word class in the poems is noun comprising of 105 in total . This is due to the fact that noun is what the students most widely learned as beginner learners. In these poems, the noun describes the meaning of the poems. Therefore; the categorizing of the part of speech is important to enrich vocabulary and ease the understanding of the poem. This analysis is to make the readers easier in understanding the word class using a poem by Alan Alexander Milne 

scholarly journals Morfem Derivasional dalam Bahasa Mandarin

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Yulie Neila Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
New Words ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Inflectional Morphemes ◽  
Derivational Morphemes ◽  
Derivation Process

<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>

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