Surprise as a conceptual category

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kövecses
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Conceptual Category ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Lexical Approach ◽  
Emotion Concepts ◽  
English I

In this paper, I examine the concept of surprise from a cognitive linguistic perspective. As previous studies indicate, surprise is a not-quite-prototypical emotion category. My focus will be on the structure and content of surprise as an emotion category, as this can be revealed on the basis of the language speakers of English use to talk about it. As regards methodology, I will follow my earlier work and employ a “lexical approach” to emotion concepts (see, e.g., Kövecses, 1986, 1990, 2000) to explore the language-based folk model of surprise in English. I will investigate the conceptual metaphors and metonymies associated with surprise and will propose a cognitive model for the emotion. It is hoped that this methodology enables us to see why surprise is not a prototypical emotion concept on a par with, for example, anger or fear.

Emotional, evaluative, and ideological subjectification in Tagalog and Shona

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary B. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Clause Structure ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Discourse Practices ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Emotion Concepts ◽  
Emotion Language

Cross-linguistic studies of emotion language have explored the universality of emotion concepts (Koveces 1990; Wierzbicka 1999), the cultural specificity of emotion concepts (Wierzbicka 1999; Ning Yu 2009), and the sources of emotion in culturally specific discourse practices (Lutz 1988; Rosaldo 1990; Chen 2004). A few have investigated how emotions or feelings are expressed by certain kinds of grammatical constructions such as metaphors with predicate-base clause structure (Occhi 1999; Palmer and Brown 1998; Palmer, Bennett and Stacey 1999; and Palmer 2003b). This paper shows how grammatical constructions that express emotions and evaluations may arise from subjectification. We compare theories of subjectification proposed by Langacker (2000) and Traugott (2010), and we analyze examples from Shona and Tagalog. Our findings have led us to expand Langacker’s cognitive linguistic approach to include cultural scenarios and themes in the discourse ground. This new perspective has potential applications to the study of ideological communications.

Construal of content

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Christina Healy
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
American Sign ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Meaning Transfer ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Linguistic Approach

Abstract Interpreting requires a nuanced understanding of language, and Wilcox and Shaffer (2005) propose that interpreting is enhanced by adopting a cognitive model of communication rather than the conduit model implicit in many interpreting pedagogy models. The present study used a cognitive linguistic approach to investigate affective constructions in American Sign Language (ASL). Relative cognitive linguistic principles are reviewed in the context of English affective constructions and applied in reporting the ASL findings. Then the article explores how these theoretical concepts can support meaning-transfer work. Specifically, Langacker’s Stage Model (2008) is expanded as a framework for comparing source and target text construals of events and for presenting a message with equivalent impact through different language-specific strategies.

scholarly journals A cognitive linguistic approach to the emotion of anger in the Old Testament

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias Kotzé
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The Common ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Ideal

This article reviews several approaches to the study of anger in the Old Testament. It focuses on the use of methodology in these trends with specific reference to the common neglect of Classical Hebrew terminology and expressions relating to the emotion of anger. Such styles lead to an impoverished understanding of the ideal cognitive model of anger as reflected in Classical Hebrew. By contrast, the few recent cognitive linguistic studies on the same subject prove to be far more successful in giving a detailed account of the ancient Israelite conceptualisation of this emotion.

scholarly journals Categorization of Memes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ambrus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Richard Dawkins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The Way

Nowadays a huge amount of communication is performed in an online environment. This tendency facilitated the realization of certain digital elements specific to online interfaces. Generally speaking, it can be stated that a new genre appeared in the past few years – the memes, which are a combination of pictorial and textual elements, created and shared online. Richard Dawkins and Susan Blackmore, who provided the traditional meme definition, argue that a meme is what travels from brain to brain. Digital meme has a narrower interpretation, since it focuses on the textual-pictorial elements. According to the Cognitive Linguistic point of view, the conceptual metaphors, metonymies and blends are used in our everyday conceptualization processes (based on Lakoff and Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By, 1980 and Fauconnier–Turner’s The Way We Think, 2002). So it can be assumed that these digital elements also operate exploiting cognitive devices like metaphors and blends. Yet many questions arise: how can memes be categorized? Can a prototypical meme be identified? How do cognitive processes take place in the conceptualization? What is the source of humor? Based on the analysis performed, it can be concluded that there are prototypical memes, but different aspects have to be taken into account; and that the complexity of cognitive processes a meme operates with is strongly related to the viability of the topic that a particular meme is related to.

scholarly journals Studi Metafora Konseptual pada Idiom Bahasa Jepang yang mengandung Bagian Tubuh dan Bermakna Emosi

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Nadhira Shafa Ghassani ◽  
Akhmad Saifudin
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Human Emotions ◽  
Concrete Entity ◽  
Emotion Concepts

Kanyouku is used to express human emotions. This study discusses the mapping of the meaning of Japanese idiom related to emotions in human cognition by using Knowles and Moon’s metaphor theory and conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson. The study utilizes 28 idioms that related to human basic emotions such as anger, happiness, sadness, fear, love, shame, pride, and surprise. These basic emotions are obtained from Goo Jiten online Japanese dictionary. The results show that human cognition viewing emotion concept as an entity and representing emotions into human body. In Japanese people’s cognition, anger represented as belly, chest, and head; fear represented as tongue, heart, and foot; happiness represented as cheek, chest, and heart; sadness represented as shoulder, chest, and heart; love represented as eye and heart; pride represented as chest; shame represented as face and cheek; and surprise represented as eye, tongue, and heart. Human cognition represented emotion concept as human body to measure the level of emotion. This study mapped the emotion concepts as a concrete entity: the entity as fluid in a container or entity as parts of body. Keywords: Cognitive Linguistic, Conceptual Metaphor, Image Scheme, Idiom, Emotion

scholarly journals EMOTIONAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL STATES EXPRESSED THROUGH COLOUR CONCEPTS IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC VIEW

1970 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Sonja Filipović Kovačević
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Psychological Reaction ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Strong Ground

This paper studies the extended meanings of lexemes with the colour concepts red, pink, blue, green and yellow expressing emotional, mental and physical states in English and Serbian from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The initial hypothesis is that lexemes with these colour concepts express states of the mind and/or the body like being angry, unrealistic or sick, for instance, and that these transferred metaphoric meanings are essentially metonymically grounded. The aims are the following:1. to identify the conceptual metaphors associating concrete colour concepts with the abstract concepts of emotional, mental and physical states, 2. to determine metonymic motivation of colour-related metaphors, 3. to consider the issue of cultural universality and/or diversity. The results of the analysis have shown that the studied colour concepts express meanings associated with different states of the mind and the body, which is presented via conceptual metaphors (e.g. being embarrassed is being red, being unrealistic is seeing pink, etc.). Also, most of these metaphors are based on two metonymies: 1. colour of the skin for the state of the mind/body and 2. an experiential association between a particular colour and people`s psychological reaction. There are more similarities than differences between English and Serbian, which is strong ground for believing that the studied metaphors motivated by metonymies are universal.

The conceptual metaphor of joy

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
Oana-Maria Păstae ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Metaphor Theory

The purpose of this paper is to study how ‘joy’, an emotional concept, is metaphorised in English from a cognitive perspective. It introduces the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, then briefly touches upon the definition of metaphor, the different types of conceptual metaphors and, finally, the conceptual metaphors of ‘joy’. We think in metaphors, which we learn very early. Our conceptual system, in terms of what we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature (Lakoff, & Johnson 2003: 8). Lakoff and Johnson’s book Metaphors we live by changed the way linguists thought about metaphor. Conceptual Metaphor Theory was one of the earliest theoretical frameworks identified as part of the cognitive semantics enterprise and provided much of the early theoretical impetus for the cognitive approach. The basic premise of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. The cognitive model of joy can be described using the example of Lakoff for anger: JOY IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER: She was bursting with joy; JOY IS HEAT/FIRE: Fires of joy were kindled by the birth of her son; joy is a natural force: I was overwhelmed by joy; JOY IS A SOCIAL SUPERIOR: If I ruled the world by joy; JOY IS AN OPPONENT: She was seized by joy; joy is a captive animal: All joy broke loose as the kids opened their presents; JOY IS INSANITY: The crowd went crazy with joy; JOY IS A FORCE DISLOCATING THE SELF: He was beside himself with joy.

Cognitive model of GHEIRAT in Persian

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Bakhtiar
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alarm System ◽  
Emotional Intimacy ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Complex Emotion ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Emotion Concepts

GHEIRAT seems to be a complex emotion in Iranian men and women with a variety of contextual meanings including, jealousy, chivalry, courage, and protecting one’s nâmus ‘female family members’. GHEIRAT may be defined as a monitoring device or alarm system in the mind of Iranians. The cognitive linguistic analysis of the conceptual domains interacting with GHEIRAT indicates that the GHEIRAT concept operates to protect one’s values against threat, insult, and injury, provide assistance to the Other, and aid the Self in accomplishing goals as a supplementary force. Moreover, the paper comes to the conclusion that in Iranian culture, the cultural model of GHEIRAT is largely constituted by conceptual metaphors (THE OTHER IS A POTENTIAL OPPONENT, GHEIRAT IS A PHYSICAL SUPPLEMENTARY FORCE), conceptual metonymy (CAUSE FOR EFFECT) and related key concepts (ÂBERU ‘face’, NÂMUS ‘one’s female family members and the sanctity associated with them’, MAHRAMIAT ‘the legitimate physical and emotional intimacy between men and women’). Furthermore, based on Kövecses’s (2000) account of emotion concepts, it is revealed that GHEIRAT fulfills its functions indirectly through acting as a cause for other emotions and feelings such as ANGER, HATRED, JEALOUSY, and SELFLESSNESS.

The Body and Its Boundaries: The Coherence of Conceptual Metaphors for Job’s Distress and Lack of Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan de Joode
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Lack Of Control

There is a cluster of metaphors that is constitutive of Job’s description of his situation, but that has not been researched systematically, viz. boundary metaphors. The present contribution uses cognitive linguistic insights to uncover and explain several metaphors that use the conceptsIl est une série de métaphores constitutives de la description par Job de sa situation qui n’ont pas encore été étudiées de manière systématique, à savoir les métaphores-limites. Cette étude utilise les acquis de la linguistique cognitive afin de dévoiler et d’élucider diverses métaphores dans le livre de Job, celles qui utilisent les concepts d’Es gibt eine Reihe von Metaphern, die für Hiobs Beschreibung seiner Situation konstitutiv, aber noch nicht systematisch erforscht worden sind, nämlich Begrenzungs-Metaphern. Der vorliegende Beitrag benutzt Einsichten der kognitiven Linguistik, um im Buch Hiob verschiedene Metaphern aufzudecken und zu erklären, die die Konzepte

METAFORE SA CILjNIM DOMENOM IDEJA U SRPSKOM JEZIKU

Lipar ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol XXI (73) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Tamara Janevska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Research Show ◽  
The Way

By taking a cognitive-linguistic approach to metaphor, in this paper we deal with the abstract concept IDEA and the way it is understood and experienced in contemporary Serbian language. The research is aimed at determining some of the possible source domains that allow us to conceptualize the aforementioned concept. The corpus consists of sentences, found in Serbian daily papers Politika and Blic, which illustrate the identified metaphors. The analysis shows that this target domain can be understood in terms of various different source domains. We have decided to confine our attention to seven conceptual metaphors that allow us to comprehend different aspects of the concept IDEA. Namely, the results of the research show that ideas can be structured by the following metaphors: IDEAS ARE LIVING BEINGS, IDEAS ARE TOYS, IDEAS ARE FOOD, IDEAS ARE FORCE, IDEAS ARE RESOURCES, IDEAS ARE VALUABLE COMMODITIES and IDEAS ARE WEAPONS. We shall begin by identifying the linguistic expressions so as to explain the underlying similarities between the domains present in the metaphors stated above.

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