scholarly journals Order in disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-541
Author(s):  
Sarah Ledoux ◽  
Peter Bull
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Audience Interaction ◽  
Audience Responses ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Political Oratory ◽  
Nicolas Sarkozy

Abstract Recent research has established that Japanese political oratory and audience behaviour (Bull & Feldman 2011; Feldman & Bull 2012) are fundamentally different to those found in British political speeches (Heritage & Greatbatch 1986). To further develop these cross-cultural analyses of political rhetoric, speaker-audience interaction was analysed in ten speeches by the two second-round candidates in the 2012 French presidential elections (François Hollande; Nicolas Sarkozy). Analogous to British speeches, French speeches were characterised by “implicit” affiliative response invitations and asynchronous speaker-audience interaction, in contrast to Japanese “explicit” invitations and synchrony. These results were interpreted in terms of Hofstede’s (2001) individualism-collectivism cultural dimensions. Dissimilarities in audience responses between the two candidates were also identified and discussed. The analysis of cross-cultural differences continues to reveal the intricate differences between societies, and ensures academic understanding on rhetoric is not boxed into crude universal rules.

scholarly journals Claps and claptrap: The analysis of speaker-audience interaction in political speeches

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 473-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bull
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Audience Research ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Audience Interaction ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Audience Responses ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Video And Audio

Significant insights have been gained into how politicians interact with live audiences through the detailed microanalysis of video and audio recordings, especially of rhetorical techniques used by politicians to invite applause. The overall aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical model of speaker-audience interaction in set-piece political speeches, based on the concept of dialogue between speaker and audience. Research is reviewed not only on applause, but also on other audience responses, such as laughter, cheering, chanting, and booing. Research is also reviewed on other factors besides rhetorical devices, in particular, delivery, speech content, and uninvited applause. Although these analyses are based primarily on British speeches, they also include recent studies of speeches delivered in both Japan and the USA. This cross-cultural perspective, it is proposed, provides significant insights into the role of political rhetoric in speaker-audience interaction, which may be usefully conceptualized in terms of broader cross-cultural differences between collectivist and individualist societies.

scholarly journals Audience responses and the context of political speeches

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyangmi Choi ◽  
Peter Bull ◽  
Darren Reed
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Audience Response ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Campaign Speeches ◽  
Audience Interaction ◽  
Audience Responses ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Audience Behavior

Previous studies showed that cultural dimensions (individualism and collectivism) are related to audience behavior in responding to political speeches. However, this study suggests that speech context is an important issue to be considered in understanding speaker-audience interaction in political speeches. Forms of response, audience behavior, and response rates were analyzed in three speech contexts: acceptance speeches to nomination as political parties’ candidates for presidential election, presidential election campaign speeches, and presidential inauguration speeches in the Korean presidential election of 2012. We found that audience response forms and behavior were distinctive according to the three speech contexts: in-group partisan leadership, competitive, and formal contexts. However, there was no relationship between the affiliative response rate and electoral success in the election. The function of the audience response is popularity and support of a speaker in acceptance and election campaign speeches, while it is conformity to social norms in inauguration speeches.

scholarly journals Cultural variations in whether, why, how, and at what cost people are proactive: A followership perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 204138662096052
Author(s):  
Tina Urbach ◽  
Deanne N. Den Hartog ◽  
Doris Fay ◽  
Sharon K. Parker ◽  
Karoline Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Behaviors ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Implicit Followership Theories

The objective of this conceptual article is to illustrate how differences in societal culture may affect employees’ proactive work behaviors (PWBs) and to develop a research agenda to guide future research on cross-cultural differences in PWBs. We propose that the societal cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism–collectivism, future orientation, and uncertainty avoidance shape individuals’ implicit followership theories (IFTs). We discuss how these cross-cultural differences in individuals’ IFTs relate to differences in the mean-level of PWB individuals show ( whether), in the motivational states driving individuals’ PWBs ( why), in the way individuals’ enact PWBs ( how), and in the evaluation of PWBs by others ( at what cost). We recommend how future research can extend this theorizing and unpack the proposed cross-cultural differences in PWBs, for example, by exploring how culture and other contextual variables interact to affect PWBs.

scholarly journals Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences In Social Knowledge Creation And Exchange: A Preliminary Examination

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Girard ◽  
Andy Bertsch
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Social Knowledge ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
The Social

This paper chronicles an exploratory, in-progress research project that compares the findings of Hofstede’s cross-cultural research with those of Forrester’s Social Technographics research.  The aim of the project is to determine if a relationship exists between cultural differences and social knowledge creation and exchange.  Part one of the study mapped Davenport and Prusak’s information and knowledge creation theories to the six components of Forrester’s Social Technographics study (creators, critics, collectors, joiners, spectators, and inactives).  Next, the Social Technographics results from 13 nations were compared with Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity).  The analysis included exploring the relationship visually using 24 scatter diagrams, running correlation coefficients (Peasson’s r) for each relationship, testing for significance of Pearson’s r, and finally conducting regression analyses on each relationship. Although the authors believe that culture influences behaviours, this study did not reveal any reasonable relationships between culture and placement along the Social Technographics.  However, it is possible that there exists problems in the Hofstede scales.  The Hofstede scales have been highly criticized in the literature.  It may be that other cross-cultural models such as GLOBE, Schwartz, Triandis, or others may yield different results.  In this regard, further research is necessary.  The next phase of the project will compare Social Technographics with the GLOBE project findings.

scholarly journals “Stirring it up!” Emotionality in audience responses to political speeches

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-627
Author(s):  
Peter Bull ◽  
Maurice Waddle
Keyword(s):  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Audience Interaction ◽  
Audience Responses ◽  
Powerful Stimulus ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Speech Research ◽  
Outgroup Derogation ◽  
Influential Theory

Speaker-audience interaction in political speeches has been conceptualised as a form of dialogue between speaker and audience. Of particular importance is research pioneered by Atkinson (e.g., 1983, 1984a, 1984b) on the analysis of rhetorical devices utilised by politicians to invite audience applause. Atkinson was not concerned with emotionalisation in political speech-making, rather with how applause was invited in relation to group identities through ingroup praise and/or outgroup derogation. However, his theory has provided important insights into how speakers invite audience responses, and a powerful stimulus for associated research. The purpose of this article is to address the shortfall of emotionalisation research within the realm of political speeches. We begin with an account of Atkinsons influential theory of rhetoric, followed by a relevant critique. The focus then turns to our main aim, namely, how key findings from previous speech research can be interpreted in terms of emotionalisation. Specifically, the focus is on audience responses to the words of political speakers, and how different forms of response may reflect audience emotionality. It is proposed that both duration and frequency of invited affiliative audience responses may indicate more positive emotional audience responses, while uninvited interruptive audience applause and booing may provide notable clues to issues on which audiences have strong feelings. It is concluded that there is strong evidence that both invited and uninvited audience responses may provide important clues to emotionalisation - both positive and negative - in political speeches.

Using a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India

2021 ◽  
pp. 147059582110573
Author(s):  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Patturaja Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us

The world over, countries have been racing to control the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Central to the mitigation of the virus spread is the ability of nations to ensure behavior of its people adheres to the constraints imposed in the wake of the pandemic. However, there has been much variation in how individuals and collectives have responded in conformance to expected behavioral changes necessitated by the pandemic. The paper offers a cross-cultural and social identity perspective based on group categorizations to understand the variation in pandemic responses in the context of two different countries, that of India and the United States. Relevant cultural dimensions of difference shaping behavior such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and other cultural norms shaping divergent behavioral responses in the US and India are examined. Differing group categorizations relevant for each country are also explored to understand the dynamics of behavioral response, be it adherence to mask wearing and following norms of social distancing, or the migrant labor exodus in India from urban to rural areas amidst the first wave of the pandemic. Implications for managing behavioral responses considering cross-cultural differences and group categorization processes are also discussed.

Interaction despite of diversity: is it possible?

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Caiazza ◽  
Tiziana Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Egyptian Culture ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Italy is traditionally one of Egypt’s main trading partners, ranking first both as import and export partner. However, Italian firms face several cultural problems in Egypt. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of cross-cultural differences faced by Italian firms’ operating in Egypt. The investigation of cross-cultural differences is facilitated by the examination of interaction between Italian and Egyptian culture using Hofstede and GLOBE’s cultural attributes and dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative analysis has been conducted through face to face interviews of individuals working for Italian firms operating in Egypt. These interviews were structured to specifically identify the impact of cultural differences on the interaction between Italian and Egyptian firms. Findings – The results show that Italy is one of the most important commercial partners of Egypt. However, cultural diversity results in Italian small and medium enterprises facing risks when operating in Egypt. Cultural distance is a problem for Italian firms investing in Egypt. Thus, interaction between Italian and Egyptian firms requires a common understanding of cultural diversity. Italian firms must develop an understanding of Egyptian culture if they are to avoid cultural clash. Egyptian policy-makers must adopt policies that open national culture to international interactions. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on a sub-set of the cultural attributes identified in Hofstede and GLOBE’s study. The results presented in this paper may be complimented through a future quantitative analysis, evaluating the relationship between religious values and other cultural dimensions. Originality/value – This paper provides an insight into the interaction between Italian and Egyptian culture. It contributes to the extant literature by filling a gap in the existing literature on cross-cultural diversity and interaction between Europe and Middle East.

scholarly journals Negative Career Thoughts Among Pakistani and Korean College Students: Implications for the Asian Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 776-784
Author(s):  
Gulnaz Zahid ◽  
Donghyuck Lee ◽  
Meejin Park
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Career Guidance ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Career Thoughts ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Negative Career Thoughts ◽  
Korean College Students

This study aimed at investigating the integrative cross-cultural perspective of negative career thoughts by comparing college students’ data from Pakistan and Korea. Data obtained from 200 Pakistani college students were compared to the data obtained from 200 Korean college students. Results show a significantly higher score on negative career thoughts when compared to Korean students. Findings indicate cross-cultural differences in negative career thoughts reflective of context-based differences in policy and career guidance systems. Findings provide support to Systems Theory Framework. However, the similarities in the construct manifestation provide a theoretical basis for career guidance in the collectivist and Asian contexts. Findings suggest the importance of comparative data, indigenization of assessment tool to assess negative career thoughts, and further exploration of negative career thoughts while considering cultural dimensions.

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