From the autonomy of syntax to the autonomy of linguistic semantics

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dor
Keyword(s):  
Expressive Power ◽  
Functional System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
System A ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Meaning Representation ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

Current research on the syntax-semantics interface demonstrates the dramatic extent to which syntactic structures constitute transparent reflections of well-defined semantic regularities. As this paper shows, the empirical results accumulated within this framework strongly suggest that a theoretical distinction should be made between two distinct levels of meaning representation: A level of conceptual meaning on the one hand, and a uniquely linguistic level of meaning — Linguistic Semantics — on the other. The semantic notions and regularities which turn out to determine major syntactic phenomena are best interpreted as belonging to the level of Linguistic Semantics, rather than to the level of conceptual meaning. This view helps characterize language as a unique and functional system — a cognitive system whose function is defined at the level of Linguistic Semantics. It explains the fact, most recently highlighted by Levinson (1997), that the expressive power of language, as a tool for the communication of meanings, is constrained in non-trivial ways.

Unconditional and conditional as categories of the dialectic of law

2021 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Grigory N. Utkin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The One ◽  
Dialectical Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

The article reveals the conceptual, meaning-forming role of the categories of the unconditional and conditional in law. At the same time, their dialectical relationship with each other and with other categories is put in the center of attention. The dialectic of the unconditional and conditional is revealed by achieving the unity of the three stages of theoretical analysis, which allows us to present the unconditional and conditional, on the one hand, as the content of all concepts, through which the idea of law is generally expressed in various aspects and elements; on the other hand, the entire set of categories subject to dialectical analysis appears as elements of the content of the unconditional and conditional as semantic units that Express the universal characteristics of law in its features, isolation from other forms of social life.

information. How do produced quantities influence the costs per unit? How can costs, calculated at different times, be compared? What is the best way to distribute the overheads? etc.. .. After the setting up of the accounting system, a long process of maturation began. This is evident, on the one hand, from the discussions of the Board of Directors and, on the other hand from the differences between the two sets of accounts approved by the Board of Directors in 1832 and 1872. The structure of the Com­ pany evolved considerably between 1832 and 1880: two mergers occurred, the first one in 1858 with Saint-Quirin, a glass manufac­ turer, and the second one in 1872 with Perret-Olivier, whose fields of activity were mining and chemistry. After the second merger, the sales figures for chemistry outstripped the sales of glass and mirrors and during this time the Company had grown to include 16 branches in France and Germany. DISCUSSIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ACCOUNTING All the questions dealing with the setting up of a management accounting system were discussed by the Boards of Directors. In most cases, the solutions were only practical ones. There never seemed any intent or desire by the Company to make any theory or any generalization of those practical solutions. Direct and indirect costs. The distinction between direct and indirect cost was made first in 1829 with regards to labor charges.9 Salaries, of which a comprehensive list is given above, will be separated into two groups: 1) Those concerning directly and specially with the manufacturing process. 2) Those concerning administration. At the end of the year, the former will be divided and included in the suitable items of expenses; then the latter will be included in the overheads. However, direct labor is likely to have included only the wages of workers having a permanent job, and excluded those of the day laborer, which are by their very nature fluctuating. In the soda factory, the majority of workers were day laborers, thus making it difficult to estimate precisely the ratio between direct and indirect labor charges. Production level and cost per unit. In the previously quoted chief accountant’s report concerning the financial year 1827-1828,

2014 ◽  
pp. 259-259
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Level ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
System A ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The One

The Polarizability of Molecular Hydrogen H2

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Easthope
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
System A ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Parameter

1. The problem of calculating the polarizability of molecular hydrogen has recently been considered by a number of investigators. Steensholt and Hirschfelder use the variational method developed by Hylleras and Hassé. For ψ0, the wave function of the unperturbed molecule when no external field is present, they take either the Rosent or the Wang wave function, while the wave functions of the perturbed molecule were considered in both the one-parameter form, ψ0 [1+A(q1 + q2)] and the two-parameter form, ψ0 [1+A(q1 + q2) + B(r1q1 + r2q2)], where A and B are parameters to be varied so as to give the system a minimum energy, q1 and q2 are the coordinates of the electrons 1 and 2 in the direction of the applied field as measured from the centre of the molecule, and r1 and r2 are their respective distances from the same point. Mrowka, on the other hand, employs a method based on the usual perturbation theory. Their numerical results are given in the following table.

scholarly journals A Review on Outfit Fashion Recommendation System

2021 ◽  
pp. 220-222
Author(s):  
Bhagyshree Pravin Bhure ◽  
Pratiksha Tulshiram Bansod ◽  
Monali Shivram Amgaokar ◽  
Savita Pralhad Lodiwale ◽  
Anjali Pravin Orkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
System A ◽  
Training Technique ◽  
The One ◽  
Time And Energy

With the quick rise in living standards, people's shopping passion grew, and their desire for clothing grew as well. A growing number of people are interested in fashion these days. However, when confronted with a large number of garments, consumers are forced to try them on multiple times, which takes time and energy. As a result of the suggested Fashion Recommendation System, a variety of online fashion businesses and web applications allow buyers to view collages of stylish items that look nice together. Clients and sellers benefit from such recommendations. On the one hand, customers can make smarter shopping decisions and discover new articles of clothes that complement one other. Complex outfit recommendations, on the other hand, assist vendors in selling more products, which has an impact on their business. FashionNet is made up of two parts: a feature network for extracting features and a matching network for calculating compatibility. A deep convolutional network is used to achieve the former. For the latter, a multi-layer completely connected network topology is used. For FashionNet, you must create and compare three different architectures. To achieve individualised recommendations, a two-stage training technique was created.

scholarly journals A Duality Theoretic View on Limits of Finite Structures

2020 ◽  
pp. 299-318
Author(s):  
Mai Gehrke ◽  
Tomáš Jakl ◽  
Luca Reggio
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Order Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Order Logic ◽  
Priestley Duality ◽  
Systematic Theory ◽  
Finite Structures ◽  
The One ◽  
Logic In Computer Science

AbstractA systematic theory of structural limits for finite models has been developed by Nešetřil and Ossona de Mendez. It is based on the insight that the collection of finite structures can be embedded, via a map they call the Stone pairing, in a space of measures, where the desired limits can be computed. We show that a closely related but finer grained space of measures arises — via Stone-Priestley duality and the notion of types from model theory — by enriching the expressive power of first-order logic with certain “probabilistic operators”. We provide a sound and complete calculus for this extended logic and expose the functorial nature of this construction.The consequences are two-fold. On the one hand, we identify the logical gist of the theory of structural limits. On the other hand, our construction shows that the duality-theoretic variant of the Stone pairing captures the adding of a layer of quantifiers, thus making a strong link to recent work on semiring quantifiers in logic on words. In the process, we identify the model theoretic notion of types as the unifying concept behind this link. These results contribute to bridging the strands of logic in computer science which focus on semantics and on more algorithmic and complexity related areas, respectively.

scholarly journals Aggregation And Spatial Coexistence of Earthworm Community in Grassy Savanna of Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire)

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seydou Tiho ◽  
N'guetta Moise Ehouman ◽  
Mamadou Dagnogo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Spatial Competition ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Geostatistical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
The One ◽  
Reduced Density

Understanding of mechanisms by which species spatially coexist, come from the theoretical framework and has focussed on spatial competition. Earthworms were sampled in rainy season on a grid obtained from grassy savanna to explore spatial competition. We used geostatistical analysis to assess spatial dependence within community between different population patterns. Empirical results revealed among earthworm community two groups of species appeared of interest in term of association. The Eudrilidae species (Stuhlmannia porifera, Chuniodrilus zielae, and Chuniodrilus sp1) on the one part were negatively associated with Millsonia omodeoi (Megascolecidae) on the other part, whereas we observed significant positive association between C.zielae and S.porifera. This study indicates that the competitive interaction structures the community and this competition is detected through reduced density of one competitor when they spatially collocated.

Senses of an Ending

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Éva Bús
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Narrative Fiction ◽  
Temporal Experience ◽  
Trojan War ◽  
Narrative Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
Writer’S Block ◽  
The One

It is possible to read Peter Carey’s short story, Concerning the Greek Tyrant, as an adaptation of one of the first grand achievements of the occidental storytelling tradition: The Iliad. When creating one of his “what–if” 1 stories from the raw material of the various myths of the Trojan War, Carey turns the Homeric story on its head, simultaneously challenging concepts central to the latest theories of narrative fiction, such as the question of narrative sequence, shifts in the narrative perspective, the representation of temporal experience, and the technique of metanarrative. When uprooting the myth of the Trojan war from the “lost order of time” and making it a story of “the here and now”, 2 Carey joins an almost three-thousand-year-long tradition while breaking away from it simultaneously. The paper aims to examine a manifest duality of the textual actions 3 in Concerning the Greek Tyrant. Its historical plot 4 appears to be a realistic adaptation of a few of the closing events of the war as reconstructed from a variety of sources on the one hand, and a narrative of how Homer suffers from writer’s block on the other. On the linguistic level of narration, however, the text is permeated by irony, a mastertrope (Burke 1945) whose dialectic nature further enhances the aforementioned duality, and helps the various dimensions of the text reflect and comment on each other.

scholarly journals Expressing volition, imposition and latency through causatives

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Mariam Orkodashvili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Interesting Issue ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Temporal Sequencing ◽  
The One

The present study analyzes the different ways in which causative structures in these languages express the ideas of causation, volition vs imposition, and temporal sequencing of actions. The examples have been gathered from media discourse (written and spoken examples of news reports, articles or discussions from electronic media), and informal conversations with the native speakers of the languages during interviews and discussions. The forms of expressing the concepts of desire, wish, will on the one hand, and the forms of expressing imposition, request, incentive, order or involuntary action, on the other, differ across languages from purely syntactic structures to morphological, or lexical-semantic means. Latent causation is yet further interesting issue raised in the paper.

Infrastrutture e sviluppo locale in Italia

2009 ◽  
pp. 101-165
Author(s):  
Roberto Zoboli ◽  
Anna Montini
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
North West ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
North East ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
The One

- This study suggests the possibility of developing an analysis of Italian infrastructures on the basis of municipal data analysed through the use of multivariate statistical techniques. The empirical results of this work confirm some well-known characteristics of the infrastructural Italian system and identify some less obvious features. In fact, while on the one hand there emerges the usual picture of a country characterised by a North-South dualism, on the other hand, various clusters are identified within each macro-region North-West, North-east, Centre and South which give a more complex picture. This article also provides a comparative analysis with earlier studies.

The Artistic and Religious Canon in the Christian and Muslim Traditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-397
Author(s):  
Alfia K. Shayakhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
System A ◽  
Religious Cult ◽  
Religious Systems ◽  
The One

The article presents a comparative analysis of the musical component of the artistic and religious canon in the orthodox direction of Christianity (Orthodoxy) and Islam. The author considers the concept of canon in a broad sense as a special type of holistic artistic-style system. In a narrow sense, it is considered as an artistic method with its own specific musical and ritual code. The musical beginning is an integral component of a religious cult and, consequently, of the liturgical canon in the Muslim and Christian traditions. Studying music as an artistic component of a particular religious tradition is one of the most popular trends in modern musicology.Religious art is canonical regardless of the ideological differences between religious systems. A canon as an integral art system is characterized by a number of patterns that manifest themselves at all levels of its structure, thus acting as a norm of tradition and, at the same time, as a way of preserving and transmitting this norm, and this transmission is of a variable type. In the article, the term “canon” is understood in the context of the culturological concepts of canon revealed in the works of V.V. Bychkov, A.F. Losev, Yu.M. Lotman, Yu.N. Plakhov, P.A. Florensky. The canon is understood as an artistic method, on the one hand, and as a special artistic and stylistic system (a set of rules that exist virtually), on the other.The article clarifies the theoretical ideas about the canon as a carrier of the norm of tradition in relation to the field of art.

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