Representations reclaimed

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Parthemore ◽  
Anthony F. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Mental Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Spaces ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Context Free ◽  
Content Of Experience

Understanding the relationship between concepts and experience seems necessary to specifying the content of experience, yet current theories of concepts do not seem up to the job. With Peter Gärdenfors’s conceptual spaces theory as a foundation and with enactivist philosophy as inspiration, we present a proposed extension to conceptual spaces theory and use it to outline a model of the emergence of concepts and experience. We conclude that neither is ultimately primary but each gives rise to the other: i.e., that they co-emerge. Such a model can then serve as the anchor to a theory of concepts more generally. Concepts are most naturally understood in symbolic and representational terms, while much of experience, in contrast, is non-symbolic and non-representational; yet the conflict between the two will, herein, be shown to be more apparent than real. The main contribution of this paper is to argue for, by means of this account of co-emergence, a continuum between “low-level” mental content that is more appropriately understood in highly context-sensitive and directly sensorimotor-based terms, and “high-level” mental content that is more appropriately understood in context-free and representational or symbolic terms. In doing so we conclude that the extreme positions of representationalism and anti-representationalism are fatally flawed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance Development in Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton against Different Insecticides

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaryab Khalid ◽  
Sohail Ahmed ◽  
Ibrahim Al-ashkar ◽  
Ayman EL Sabagh ◽  
Liyun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Selection For ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Cotton is a major crop of Pakistan, and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of cotton. Due to the unwise and indiscriminate use of insecticides, resistance develops more readily in the whitefly. The present study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in the whitefly against the different insecticides that are still in use. For this purpose, the whitefly population was selected with five concentrations of each insecticide, for five generations. At G1, compared with the laboratory susceptible population, a very low level of resistance was observed against bifenthrin, cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, chlorfenapyr, and buprofezin with a resistance ratio of 3-fold, 2-fold, 1-fold, 4-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. However, the selection for five generations increased the resistance to a very high level against buprofezin (127-fold), and to a high level against imidacloprid (86-fold) compared with the laboratory susceptible population. While, a moderate level of resistance was observed against cypermethrin (34-fold), thiamethoxam (34-fold), nitenpyram (30-fold), chlorfenapyr (29-fold), and acetamiprid (21-fold). On the other hand, the resistance was low against bifenthrin (18-fold) after selection for five generations. A very low level of resistance against the field population of B. tabaci, at G1, showed that these insecticides are still effective, and thus can be used under the field conditions for the management of B. tabaci. However, the proper rotation of insecticides among different groups can help to reduce the development of resistance against insecticides.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND LEADERSHIP QUALITIES IN STUDENTS

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Leadership Traits ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Technical Students ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, the main approaches concerning the problem of leadership traits formation as studied in both national and foreign literature are viewed. There are given results of research on leadership traits in students at technical specialties and humanities in the course of their training at a higher education institution in their connection with emotive intellect. The peculiarities of leadership traits in the tested groups with different level of emotive intellect, as well as a connection between leadership traits and emotive intellect are determined. The highest indicators according to the results of the research are demonstrated by a group of students of technical specialties with a high level of emotional intelligence, which indicates the ability to manage their emotions and behavior, the ability to solve problems. They demonstrate a high level of organizational skills, ability to work with a group. Their actions are aimed at achieving goals. The lowest rates according to the results of the study were found in a group of students of humanities with a low level of emotional intelligence. In difficult situations, it is difficult for them to find a way out. They do not know how to control the work of their comrades, to find common ground with people. The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership skills in students of technical and humanities has been studied. A group of technical students with a high level of emotional intelligence found positive correlations between emotional intelligence and all scales of leadership qualities. There are no correlations between emotional intelligence and leadership qualities in the group of humanities students with a low level of emotional intelligence. In other groups of students, certain correlations have been established between emotional intelligence and leadership qualities.

scholarly journals Iris Hanika's Treffen Sich Zwei: Reception, Analysis and Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kerry Alistair Nitz
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
Narrative Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Iris Hanika’s commercially and critically successful novel Treffen sich zwei makes use of several techniques in the characterisation of its protagonists. Many of its reviews focus on the author’s deliberate placement of links to a wider literary context. Their interest extends from questions of genre-mixing through to the identification of direct quotes from other authors’ works. The critical preoccupation with intertexts demonstrates their importance for the readers’ response to the novel. More specifically, certain reviews highlight the important role intertexts play in the characterisation of the protagonists. This study catalogues the intertexts, metaphors and parodies in Treffen sich zwei and, by means of quantitative analysis, identifies high-level patterns in the use of these techniques. In particular, patterns are identified between, on the one hand, the different narrative functions of the intertexts and, on the other hand, the different ways in which they are interwoven in the text. The data also shows that distinct patterns are associated with each of the two protagonists and that certain patterns change in the course of the novel in parallel with the changes in the relationship between them. This quantitative evidence is supported by a more detailed, qualitative approach, which examines how specific intertexts or metaphors are used for the purposes of characterisation. In addition, variations in voice are used to distinguish the two main protagonists in a manner consistent with the intertexts and metaphors. It is thanks to the combination of these techniques that the theme of meeting encapsulated in the title, Treffen sich zwei, is woven into the textual fabric of the novel.</p>

scholarly journals The Interdecadal Variations and Causes of the Relationship Between Autumn Precipitation Anomalies in Eastern China and SSTA Over the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Huo ◽  
Zhaoyong Guan ◽  
Dachao Jin ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Xudong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies ◽  
Precipitation Anomalies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean

Abstract Eastern China has a large population with rapid development of the economy, where is the important crop producing region. In this region, the spatial and temporal distribution of autumn rainfall in Eastern China is uneven, which has important societal impact. Using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and other observational datasets, it is found that the spatial distribution of the first EOF mode of autumn rainfall anomalies in eastern China is consistent across the region, with significant interannual variabilities. Pronounced interdecadal variations are presented in the relationship between autumn rainfall anomalies in eastern China and sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) over the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO). The interdecadal changes have been analyzed by considering two epochs: one during 1979-2004 and the other during 2005-2019. It shows weak and insignificant correlations between the autumn rainfall anomalies in eastern China and SSTA over SETIO during the first epoch. On the other hand, they are remarkable and positively correlated with each other during the second epoch. The inter-decadal changes of the above relationship are related to the warming of SST over SETIO during the second epoch. It causes stronger low-level convergence and ascending motion over SETIO, with the co-occurrence of enhanced western Pacific subtropical high and anomalous abundant moisture over eastern China carried by a low-level southerly anomaly originating from the South China Sea. Simultaneously, the local Hadley circulation over eastern China becomes weak, corresponding to the anomalous ascending motion. The collaboration of anomalous water vapour transport and ascending motion strengthens the connection between the SETIO SSTA and the autumn precipitation anomalies in eastern China, and vice versa. In the boreal autumn of 2019, entire eastern China suffered extreme drought. It suggests that this drought event in eastern China is strongly affected by the negative SSTA over SETIO, which is consistent with the statistical results.

Terrorism and Democracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-379
Author(s):  
Andrey Korotayev ◽  
Ilya Vaskin ◽  
Daniil Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Powerful Factor ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article proposes a new explanation of the positive correlation between democracy and terrorism detected in many previous studies. It is shown that this might be accounted for by the fact that factional democracies are subjected to more terrorist attacks than the other political regimes. A positive relationship between the democratic regime and the level of terrorist activity can be obtained due to the inclusion of factional democracies in the sample of democratic states. If factional democracies are excluded from the sample, the relationship between the level of terrorist activity and the democratic regime is negative. The analysis allows to maintain that factional democracy is a rather powerful factor of a high level of terrorist activity, while non-factional democracy turns out to be rather a statistically significant predictor of a relatively low intensity of terrorist attacks.

Getting the Spirit of Office Technologies! Does the Internal Organization Environment Support or Constrain?

2011 ◽  
pp. 194-210
Author(s):  
Huub J.M. Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Organizational Environment ◽  
Adaptive Structuration Theory ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Adaptive Structuration ◽  
Work Autonomy ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Advanced Information Technologies (AIT) and organization is complex. Several theories and approaches try to get grip on this complex relationship. Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) (DeSanctis and Poole, 1994) is one of them. It introduces the concept of spirit of AIT as an important determinant of AIT appropriation. AIT with a clear, coherent spirit will lead to a high level of AIT appropriation. But what about the role of the internal organizational environment? Does this constrain or support the role of the AIT’s spirit regarding AIT appropriation? This paper presents a study that aims to find an answer to this question. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested in four offices where employees used office technologies. Results confirm that a clear spirit is positively related to the level of appropriation as distinguished by DeSanctis and Poole (1994) and Poole and DeSanctis (1990). The results also make clear that this relationship is more positive among users who experienced a low level of change in the internal organizational environment along with the office technology implementation than among users who experienced a high level of change. Furthermore, the relationship is more positive among users with a low level of work autonomy than among users with a high level of work autonomy. This is not fully in line with our expectations. However, we think an explanation is available. We suppose that the answer lies in the office technology development process. All office technologies in this study’s offices were probably developed without anticipating the changes that office technology implementations might bring about in the internal organizational environment and with the aim to build systems that “reconfirm” the current “restrictive” work procedures. This study’s results once again indicate that office technology and other organizational components are interrelated.

On the Relationships between Subtropical Clouds and Meteorology in Observations and CMIP3 and CMIP5 Models*

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2945-2967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Myers ◽  
Joel R. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Cloud Fraction ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Radiative Effect ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Temperature Advection ◽  
Cloud Radiative Effect ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Climate models’ simulation of clouds over the eastern subtropical oceans contributes to large uncertainties in projected cloud feedback to global warming. Here, interannual relationships of cloud radiative effect and cloud fraction to meteorological variables are examined in observations and in models participating in phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5, respectively). In observations, cooler sea surface temperature, a stronger estimated temperature inversion, and colder horizontal surface temperature advection are each associated with larger low-level cloud fraction and increased reflected shortwave radiation. A moister free troposphere and weaker subsidence are each associated with larger mid- and high-level cloud fraction and offsetting components of shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effect. It is found that a larger percentage of CMIP5 than CMIP3 models simulate the wrong sign or magnitude of the relationship of shortwave cloud radiative effect to sea surface temperature and estimated inversion strength. Furthermore, most models fail to produce the sign of the relationship between shortwave cloud radiative effect and temperature advection. These deficiencies are mostly, but not exclusively, attributable to errors in the relationship between low-level cloud fraction and meteorology. Poor model performance also arises due to errors in the response of mid- and high-level cloud fraction to variations in meteorology. Models exhibiting relationships closest to observations tend to project less solar reflection by clouds in the late twenty-first century and have higher climate sensitivities than poorer-performing models. Nevertheless, the intermodel spread of climate sensitivity is large even among these realistic models.

Efficacy of a ciprofloxacin/amikacin combination against planktonic and biofilm cultures of susceptible and low-level resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3252-3259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Soares ◽  
Kévin Alexandre ◽  
Fabien Lamoureux ◽  
Ludovic Lemée ◽  
François Caron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Eradicating bacterial biofilm without mechanical dispersion remains a challenge. Combination therapy has been suggested as a suitable strategy to eradicate biofilm. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a ciprofloxacin/amikacin combination in a model of in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Methods The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and amikacin (alone, in combination and successively) was evaluated by planktonic and biofilm time–kill assays against five P. aeruginosa strains: PAO1, a WT clinical strain and three clinical strains overexpressing the efflux pumps MexAB-OprM (AB), MexXY-OprM (XY) and MexCD-OprJ (CD), respectively. Amikacin MIC was 16 mg/L for XY and ciprofloxacin MIC was 0.5 mg/L for CD. The other strains were fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The numbers of total and resistant cells were determined. Results In planktonic cultures, regrowth of high-level resistant mutants was observed when CD was exposed to ciprofloxacin alone and XY to amikacin alone. Eradication was obtained with ciprofloxacin or amikacin in the other strains, or with the combination in XY and CD strains. In biofilm, bactericidal reduction after 8 h followed by a mean 4 log10 cfu/mL plateau in all strains and for all regimens was noticed. No regrowth of resistant mutants was observed whatever the antibiotic regimen. The bacterial reduction obtained with a second antibiotic used simultaneously or consecutively was not significant. Conclusions The ciprofloxacin/amikacin combination prevented the emergence of resistant mutants in low-level resistant strains in planktonic cultures. Biofilm persister cells were not eradicated, either with monotherapy or with the combination.

scholarly journals Relationship between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Force-Velocity Characteristics in BMX Cyclists

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah Gross ◽  
Thomy Gross
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscular Force ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
High Level ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Squat Jumps ◽  
Flat Ground

Especially for bicycle motocross (BMX) cyclists, transfer of muscular force-velocity (Fv) characteristics between common strength training exercises and cycling is important. This study investigated the relationship between Fv characteristics in a common training exercise (squat jumps) and a sport-specific task (cycling) in high-level BMX racers by exploring the degree to which Fv and torque–cadence (Tc) characteristics correspond. Twelve BMX racers performed an Fv (multiple loaded squat jump) and two Tc tests (ramp starts and flat-ground sprints). Results revealed very large correlations between F 0 and T o r 0 s t a r t (r = 0.77) and between P m a x j u m p and P m a x s t a r t (r = 0.85). On the other hand, the relationships between v 0 and C a d 0 s t a r t (r = –0.25) and between S F v and S T c s t a r t (r = –0.14) were small and negative. Similar results were observed for sprints. Based on dichotomous classifications (greater or less than group median), several discrepancies occurred, particularly for the profile slopes and high-speed variables. Thus, we recommend performing both jump-based and cycling-specific F v testing. Of additional note, T c characteristics on flat ground were similar to, but slightly different from those on the start ramp. Therefore, where possible, Tc tests should be carried out on a ramp.

Volunteering involvementand agency, communion and ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 586 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Adam Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
Selfless Action ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this paper was to check whether there exists a relationship between volunteering involvement and the level of communion, agency and degree of support for ethical codes. The questions concerned whether persons involved in volunteering (compared to those not involved) are characterized, on the one hand, by a higher intensity of agency and communion, on the other, a higher level of declared support for ethical codes (ethics of autonomy, universal good, dignity and collectivism). In order to find the answer, a study was carried out in which participated 37 people involved in hospice volunteering (including 19 women) and 34 non-volunteers (including 18 women).The results of the study show the existence of an assumed relationship in the case of agency and communion. As for ethical codes, the results did not provide evidence of the relationship between the level of their support and volunteering. The results of the presented study lead to the conclusion that selfless action for the benefit of the other people is associated with a high level of agency and communion, and not only with a high ethical level. Hence the postulate for pedagogical practice to shape and develop a sense of agency and communion in children and youth.

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