Danger and usefulness effects as a function of concept ancientness

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Witherell ◽  
Lee H. Wurm ◽  
Sean R. Seaman ◽  
Nikki A. Brugnone ◽  
Evan T. Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Participant Gender ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Auditory Performance ◽  
Perceptual Systems

Danger and Usefulness affect word recognition (e.g., Wurm & Vakoch, 2000), and a related construct affects memory (e.g., Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). We tested hypotheses about differential effects of these dimensions, based on the relevance of concepts relative to the time perceptual systems underwent selection pressures. In two experiments participants made auditory and visual lexical decisions for nouns rated on Danger, Usefulness, and “Ancientness.” Danger interacted with Ancientness in both auditory and visual processing. Increasing Danger led to faster RTs and better accuracy only for words judged to have ancient relevance. Interactions with participant gender were seen in both auditory and visual analyses. Consistent with Wurm, Whitman, Seaman, Hill, and Ulstad (2007), men’s but not women’s auditory performance improved with increasing Danger. The beneficial effect of Usefulness on accuracy was greater for women than for men in both experiments. Danger and Usefulness effects seem to reflect a general principle underlying human cognition.

Homography and Polysemy as Factors in Bilingual Word Recognition

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Klein ◽  
Estelle Ann Doctor
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Bilingual Memory ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Interlingual Homographs ◽  
Decision Times

This study reports an experiment which examines semantic representation in lexical decisions as a source of interconnection between words in bilingual memory. Lexical decision times were compared for interlingual polysemes such as HAND which share spelling and meaning in both languages, and interlingual homographs such as KIND which share spelling but not meaning. The main result was faster “response times for polysemes than for interlingual homographs. Current theories of monolingual word recognition and bilingual semantic representation are discussed, and the findings are accommodated within the model of bilingual word recognition proposed by Doctor and Klein.

Visual word recognition models should also be constrained by knowledge about the visual system

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gomez ◽  
Sarah Silins
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Universal Models ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Models Of Reading ◽  
Reading Models

AbstractFrost's article advocates for universal models of reading and critiques recent models that concentrate in what has been described as “cracking the orthographic code.” Although the challenge to develop models that can account for word recognition beyond Indo-European languages is welcomed, we argue that reading models should also be constrained by general principles of visual processing and object recognition.

Short article: Phonological neighbourhood spread facilitates lexical decisions

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1304-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Yates
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Distribution Effect

In visual word recognition, words with many phonological neighbours are processed more rapidly than are those with few neighbours. The research reported here tested whether the distribution of phonological neighbours across phoneme positions influences lexical decisions. The results indicate that participants responded more rapidly to words where all phoneme positions can be changed to form a neighbour than they did to those where only a limited number of phoneme positions can be changed to form a neighbour. It is argued that this distribution effect arises because of differences between the two groups of words in how they overlap with their neighbours.

Does Having to Remember the Position of a Target Improve Reaction Time?

Motor Control ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Parr-Brownlie ◽  
Jeffrey Wickens ◽  
J. Greg Anson ◽  
Brian Hyland
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Memory Requirement ◽  
Opposite Result ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Delayed Response Task

In the monkey, reaction time in a precued delayed response task was found to be faster when the animals had to remember the precue than when it was continually available (Smyrnis, Taira, Ashe, & Georgopoulos, 1992). We investigated whether this reflects a general principle that applies to all types of precued tasks. However, we found the opposite result in a simpler task in humans. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of a memory requirement on reaction time in the monkey may reflect an effect of task difficulty, rather than a fundamental process involved in all precued movement tasks.

Vision, development, and bilingualism are fundamental in the quest for a universal model of visual word recognition and reading

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 300-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Pitchford ◽  
Walter J. B. van Heuven ◽  
Andrew N. Kelly ◽  
Taoli Zhang ◽  
Timothy Ledgeway
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Universal Model ◽  
Vision Development ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Made In

AbstractWe agree with many of the principles proposed by Frost but highlight crucial caveats and report research findings that challenge several assertions made in the target article. We discuss the roles that visual processing, development, and bilingualism play in visual word recognition and reading. These are overlooked in all current models, but are fundamental to any universal model of reading.

scholarly journals Test-retest reliability for common tasks in vision science

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kait Clark ◽  
Kayley Birch-Hurst ◽  
Charlotte Rebecca Pennington ◽  
Austin C P Petrie ◽  
Joshua Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Research in perception and attention has typically sought to evaluate cognitive mechanisms according to the average response to a manipulation. Recently, there has been a shift toward appreciating the value of individual differences and the insight gained by exploring the impacts of between-participant variation on human cognition. However, a recent study suggests that many robust, well-established cognitive control tasks suffer from surprisingly low levels of test-retest reliability (Hedge et al., 2018b). We tested a large sample of undergraduate students (n = 160) in two sessions (separated by 1–3 weeks) on four commonly used tasks in vision science. We implemented measures that spanned the range of visual processing, including motion coherence (MoCo), useful field of view (UFOV), multiple-object tracking (MOT), and visual working memory (VWM). Intraclass correlations ranged from excellent to poor suggesting that some task measures are more suitable for assessing individual differences than others. VWM capacity (ICC = 0.89), MoCo threshold (ICC = 0.60), UFOV middle accuracy (ICC = 0.60) and UFOV outer accuracy (ICC = 0.74) showed good-to-excellent reliability. Other measures, namely the maximum number of items tracked in MOT (ICC = 0.41) and UFOV number accuracy (ICC = 0.48), showed moderate reliability; the MOT threshold (ICC = 0.36) and UFOV inner accuracy (ICC = 0.30) showed poor reliability. In this paper, we present these results alongside a summary of reliabilities estimated previously for other vision science tasks. We then offer useful recommendations for evaluating test-retest reliability when considering a task for use in evaluating individual differences.

scholarly journals Is there magnocellular facilitation of early neural processes underlying visual word recognition? Evidence from masked repetition priming with ERPs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Huang ◽  
Wai Leung Wong ◽  
Chun-Yu Tse ◽  
Werner Sommer ◽  
Olaf Dimigen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Repetition Effects ◽  
Manipulation Check ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Versus Color

An influential theory in the field of visual object recognition proposes that fast magnocellular (M) information facilitates neural processing of spatially more fine-grained but slower parvocellular (P) information. While written words can be considered as a special type of visual objects, it is unknown whether magnocellular facilitation also plays a role in reading. We used a masked priming paradigm that has been shown to result in neural facilitation in visual word processing and tested whether these facilitating effects are mediated by the magnocellular system. In two experiments, we manipulated the influence of magnocellular and parvocellular systems on visual processing of a contextually predictable target character by contrasting high versus low spatial frequency and luminance versus color contrast, respectively. In addition, unchanged (normal) primes were included in both experiments as a manipulation check. As expected, unchanged primes elicited typical repetition effects in the N1, N250 and P3 components of the ERP in both experiments. In the experiment manipulating spatial contrast, we obtained repetition effects only for the N1 component for both M- and P-biased primes. In the luminance versus color contrast experiment, repetition effects were found in N1 and N250 for both M- and P- biased primes. Furthermore, no interactions were found between M- vs. P-biased prime types and repetition. Together these results indicate that M- and P- information contributes jointly to early neural processes underlying visual word recognition.

scholarly journals Late Cochlear Implantation in Early-Deafened Adults: A Detailed Analysis of Auditory and Self-Perceived Benefits

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 364-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joke Debruyne ◽  
Miranda Janssen ◽  
Jan Brokx
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Auditory Performance ◽  
Perceived Outcomes ◽  
Speech Tracking

Objectives: It is known that early-deafened cochlear implant (CI) users are a very heterogeneously performing group. To gain more insight into this population, this study investigated (1) postoperative changes in auditory performance over time based on various outcome measures, focusing on poor performers, (2) self-perceived outcomes, (3) relations between auditory and self-perceived outcomes, and (4) preimplantation factors predicting postoperative outcomes. Methods: Outcomes were assessed prospectively in a group of 27 early-deafened, late-implanted CI users, up to 3 years after implantation. Outcome measures included open-set word and sentence recognition, closed-set word recognition, speech tracking and a questionnaire on self-perceived outcomes. Additionally, the relative influence of 8 preimplantation factors on CI outcome was assessed with linear regression analyses. Results: Significant improvements were found for auditory performance measures and most of the questionnaire domains. Significant changes of the closed-set word test, speech tracking and questionnaire were also found for a subgroup of poor performers. Correlations between auditory and self-perceived outcomes were weak and nonsignificant. Preoperative word recognition and preoperative hearing thresholds, both for the implanted ear, were significant predictors of postoperative outcome in the multivariable regression model, explaining 63.5% of the variation. Conclusions: Outcome measurement in this population should be adjusted to the patients’ individual performance level and include self-perceived benefit. There is still a need for more knowledge regarding predictors of CI outcomes in this group, but the current study suggests the importance of the preoperative performance of the ear to be implanted.

Interactions of stimulus quality and semantic context on N400 in visual word recognition

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Min Xie ◽  
Youguo Chen ◽  
Rongmin Xiong ◽  
Change Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Stimulus Quality ◽  
Target Character ◽  
Cascaded Model ◽  
Target Probe

Abstract The joint effects of stimulus quality and semantic context in visual word recognition were examined with event-related potential (ERP) recordings. In one-character Chinese word recognition, we manipulated stimulus quality at two degradation levels (highly vs. slightly degraded) and semantic context at two priming levels (semantically related vs. unrelated). In a prime–target–probe trial flow, ERPs were recorded to the target character which was presented in either high or slight degradation and which was preceded by either a semantically related or unrelated prime character. The target character was then followed by a probe character which was either identical to or different from the target character. Subjects were instructed to make target–probe matching judgments. The ERP results demonstrated a degradation by priming interaction, with larger N400 semantic priming effects for slightly degraded targets. Moreover, the degradation effects were observed on the P200, N250, and N400. These findings provided evidence for the cascaded model of visual word recognition such that the visual processing cascaded into the semantic stage and thus interacted on the N400 amplitude. The results were compared to an earlier study with a null ERP degradation by priming interaction. The ramifications of these results for models of visual word recognition are discussed.

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