Information structure and intonational accent in Burmese

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-224
Author(s):  
Pavel Ozerov
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Tonal Language ◽  
The Real ◽  
Accentual Phrase ◽  
Structural Aspects

Abstract It tends to be assumed that tonal languages do not make use of intonational tones and accent location for the purpose of conveying information structural aspects of the utterance. This study of read-aloud stories in colloquial Burmese shows that this tonal language does resort to this sort of intonational means for information-structuring reasons. The prosody of Burmese exhibits identifiable intonational patterns, which function on the level of accentual phrases. An accentual phrase constitutes the basic prosodic unit, and it is there that we find the real interaction of information structure, intonation and tone. Accentual phrases are organised around a single accent, the location of which depends on information structural factors. Sentences can consist of a single accentual phrase or a few phrases, while the exact partition into such phrases is also motivated by information- and discourse-structuring considerations.

Military Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-94
Author(s):  
Zoltan Barany
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Political Opposition ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Military Politics ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Intra Family

This chapter is concerned with military politics. It views the kingdoms as family states and weighs the domestic threats they face from conflicts pertaining to succession and intra-family divisions. The downsides of one of the structural aspects of these states—for example, the immense power of a few individuals to make weighty decisions—is critically examined. Attention is also devoted to the weakness of domestic political opposition, threats from abroad, and the methods GCC states have employed to repress them. In the last section, the focus shifts to civil-military relations as the methods Gulf monarchies have developed to keep their armies loyal are assessed such as the creation of privileged units and forces, the fostering of institutional rivalries between various elements, and the exclusion of certain sectarian communities from security sector employment. In short, this chapter is devoted to institutional analysis and explores how political and structural factors impede the Gulf armies’ effectiveness.

scholarly journals Structural aspects of partial solid solution formation: two crystalline modifications of a chiral derivative of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one under consideration

CrystEngComm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (48) ◽  
pp. 7277-7286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Lodochnikova ◽  
Liliya S. Kosolapova ◽  
Alina F. Saifina ◽  
Aidar T. Gubaidullin ◽  
Robert R. Fayzullin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Solid Solution Formation ◽  
Solution Formation ◽  
Structural Aspects

Two opposite structural factors control the formation of a partial solid solution of the enantiomers of the titled compound.

The determinants of the vat potential in Benin: an econometric analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Tidjani Ousmaïla Awe Obinti
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Tax Capacity

This paper aimed to analyse the determinants of VAT potential in Benin over the period 1991 to 2017. The results of the estimation, conducted using Engle Granger’s cointegration model, showed that the latter is, on the whole, lower than the actual level of VAT collection over the period of analysis. This means that the VAT potential is relatively well developed, insofar as the tax capacity of the Beninese economy remains insufficient to mobilise more VAT revenue. However, this observation must be put into perspective as the capacity to mobilise VAT lost momentum from 2013 after a remarkable performance for over 23 years. This result calls for an improvement in tax reforms implemented in order to optimise the capacity of the tax administration in VAT mobilisation. Furthermore, the estimate showed that structural factors such as the degree of openness of the economy and the real gross domestic product per capita have had a positive and significant impact on VAT revenue mobilisation.

Perception of Word-level Prominence in Free Word Order Language Discourse

2019 ◽  
pp. 002383091988408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Luchkina ◽  
Jennifer S. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Order Language ◽  
Russian Speaker ◽  
Free Word

This study examines the contribution of constituent order, prosody, and information structure to the perception of word-level prominence in Russian, a free word order language. Prominence perception is investigated through the analysis of prominence ratings of nominal words in two published narrative texts. Word-level perceived prominence ratings were obtained from linguistically naïve native speakers of Russian in two tasks: a silent prominence rating task of the read text passages, and an auditory prominence rating task of the same texts as read aloud by a native Russian speaker. Analyses of the prominence ratings reveal a greater likelihood of perceived prominence for words introducing discourse-new referents, as well as words occurring in a non-canonical sentence position, and featuring acoustic-prosodic enhancement. The results show that prosody and word order vary probabilistically in relation to information structure in read-aloud narrative, suggesting a complex interaction of prosody, word order, and information structure underlying the perception of prominence.

PROSODIC MARKING OF INFORMATION STRUCTURE BY MALAYSIAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Gut ◽  
Stefanie Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
First Language ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Peak Alignment ◽  
New Words ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
The Given ◽  
Phonetic Realization ◽  
Pitch Accents

Various researchers have shown that second language (L2) speakers have difficulties with marking information structure in English prosodically: They deviate from native speakers not only in terms of pitch accent placement (Grosser, 1997; Gut, 2009; Ramírez Verdugo, 2002) and the type of pitch accent they produce (Wennerstrom, 1994, 1998) but also with regard to the phonetic realization of these pitch accents (Atterer & Ladd, 2004; O’Brien & Gut, 2010). This study investigates the prosodic strategies of first language (L1) Malay speakers of English for marking given and new discourse elements. Ten Malay speakers of English were recorded reading out a 179-word story that contained six given and six new words. Additionally, 10 Malay speakers read aloud a 152-word story containing six given and six new words in Malay. The given-new word pairs were analyzed both auditorily and acoustically in terms of type of pitch accent, syllable duration, phonetic realization of the rise, and pitch peak alignment. The results show that the Malay speakers of English produce longer rises on new than on given discourse elements but do not show different pitch accents, syllable duration, pitch peak alignment, or steepness of rises on the two types of words. The average extent and steepness of the rises as well as the pitch peak alignment are almost identical in Malay and the L2 English of Malay speakers, which suggests direct influence from the L1. However, differences in the type of pitch accents produced and the similarities to the patterns produced by other L2 speakers suggest further influencing factors.

Structural aspects of osmoregulation in porphyra

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
C. Wiencke ◽  
A. Lauchli
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Osmotic Adaptation ◽  
Osmotic Balance ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Osmotic Agents ◽  
Vacuolar System ◽  
Structural Aspects

Osmoregulatory mechanisms in algae were investigated mainly from a physiological point of view (KAUSS 1977, HELLEBUST 1976). In Porphyra two osmotic agents, i. e. floridoside/isofloridoside (KAUSS 1968) and certain ions, such as K+ and Na+(EPPLEY et al. 1960) are considered for osmotic balance. Accumulations of ions (particularly Na+) in the cytoplasm during osmotic adaptation is improbable, because the activity of enzymes is generally inhibited by high ionic concentrations (FLOWERS et al. 1977).The cellular organization of Porphyra was studied with special emphasis on the development of the vacuolar system under different hyperosmotic conditions. Porphyra was cultivated at various strengths of the culture medium ASP 12 (PROVASOLI 1961) ranging from normal to 6 times concentrated (6x) culture medium. Por electron microscopy freeze fracturing was used (specimens fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and incubated in 30% glycerol, preparation in a BALZERS BA 360 M apparatus), because chemical fixation gave poor results.

Molecular Structure of the Outermost Cell Wall Component of Spirillum Serpens

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
Wah Chiu ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Exposure Technique ◽  
Structural Aspects

The periodic structure external to the outer membrane of Spirillum serpens VHA has been isolated by similar procedures to those used by Buckmire and Murray (1). From SDS gel electrophoresis, we have found that the isolated fragments contain several protein components, and that the crystalline structure is composed of a glycoprotein component with a molecular weight of ∽ 140,000 daltons (2). Under an electron microscopic examination, we have visualized the hexagonally-packed glycoprotein subunits, as well as the bilayer profile of the outer membrane. In this paper, we will discuss some structural aspects of the crystalline glycoproteins, based on computer-reconstructed images of the external cell wall fragments.The specimens were prepared for electron microscopy in two ways: negatively stained with 1% PTA, and maintained in a frozen-hydrated state (3). The micrographs were taken with a JEM-100B electron microscope with a field emission gun. The minimum exposure technique was essential for imaging the frozen- hydrated specimens.

7-beam lattice images of (110) oriented Ge

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 290-291
Author(s):  
J.R. Parsons ◽  
C.W. Hoelke
Keyword(s):  
Image Features ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Lattice Plane ◽  
Lattice Image ◽  
Crystalline Defects ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Beam Lattice

The direct imaging of a crystal lattice has intrigued electron microscopists for many years. What is of interest, of course, is the way in which defects perturb their atomic regularity. There are problems, however, when one wishes to relate aperiodic image features to structural aspects of crystalline defects. If the defect is inclined to the foil plane and if, as is the case with present 100 kV transmission electron microscopes, the objective lens is not perfect, then terminating fringes and fringe bending seen in the image cannot be related in a simple way to lattice plane geometry in the specimen (1).The purpose of the present work was to devise an experimental test which could be used to confirm, or not, the existence of a one-to-one correspondence between lattice image and specimen structure over the desired range of specimen spacings. Through a study of computed images the following test emerged.

Scanning electron microscopy of human iliac bone by a simple preparation method

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Takita ◽  
Tomonori Naguro ◽  
Toshio Kameie ◽  
Akihiro Iino ◽  
Kichizo Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Real Surface ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
The Real ◽  
Simple Preparation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Recently with the increase in advanced age population, the osteoporosis becomes the object of public attention in the field of orthopedics. The surface topography of the bone by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most useful means to study the bone metabolism, that is considered to make clear the mechanism of the osteoporosis. Until today many specimen preparation methods for SEM have been reported. They are roughly classified into two; the anorganic preparation and the simple preparation. The former is suitable for observing mineralization, but has the demerit that the real surface of the bone can not be observed and, moreover, the samples prepared by this method are extremely fragile especially in the case of osteoporosis. On the other hand, the latter has the merit that the real information of the bone surface can be obtained, though it is difficult to recognize the functional situation of the bone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document