Expanding the scope of l3 transfer study designs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Juncal Gutierrez-Mangado
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
L3 Acquisition ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Transfer Study ◽  
Access Model ◽  
Transfer Models

Abstract This commentary discusses Schwartz and Sprouse’s (2020) (henceforth S&S) keynote article entitled “The Full Transfer/Full Access model and L3 cognitive states”, which presents an overview of transfer models in L3 acquisition. The present commentary focuses on the issue of transfer itself from the point of view of the language combinations that are argued in the keynote article are suitable for investigating transfer effects by drawing on data from the phenomenon known as medial wh-questions.

Transfer vs. dynamic cross-linguistic interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wrembel
Keyword(s):  
Third Language ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
L3 Acquisition ◽  
Keynote Paper ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Binary Approach ◽  
Property Transfer ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Access Model ◽  
Transfer Models

Abstract In their keynote paper “The Full Transfer/Full Access model and L3 cognitive states” Schwartz & Sprouse (2021, henceforth S&S) present a thorough overview of third language (L3) acquisition transfer models by pinpointing their strong points as well as flaws of a conceptual and empirical nature. Their analysis is anchored in a principled distinction between models that are classified as representing wholesale transfer vs. those that are referred to as piecemeal or property-by-property transfer models. S&S side with the former, and level their criticism towards the latter approach. In this commentary, I would like to challenge this binary approach to debating the nature of transfer by taking an outsider’s position, i.e. that of a researcher working in a framework other than the generative one, in which the keynote paper is embedded. I will start by addressing some of the controversial points raised by S&S and then broaden the perspective by discussing the concept of transfer in L3 acquisition in the light of dynamic cross-language interactions and exploring alternative avenues in L3 research with data support from various linguistic domains.

The Full Transfer/Full Access model and L3 cognitive states

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie D. Schwartz ◽  
Rex A. Sprouse
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Model ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Content Acquisition ◽  
Language L ◽  
Access Model ◽  
Transfer Models

Abstract This paper offers an overview of current models of third language (L3) acquisition, classifying each as a Wholesale Transfer model or as a Piecemeal Transfer model. We discuss what we consider to be some conceptual and empirical problems for the Piecemeal Transfer approaches and then discuss some advantages we see in Wholesale Transfer. Next, we home in on Wholesale Transfer models, arguing that one of them in particular seems to us to be the most promising, viz., the Typological Primacy Model (TPM – e.g., Rothman, 2011, 2015). Finally, we take up some open questions associated with the TPM and suggest some possible directions for future L3 research.

In defense of ‘copying and restructuring’

2020 ◽  
pp. 026765832097583
Author(s):  
Bonnie D Schwartz ◽  
Rex A Sprouse
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Large Body ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Third Language ◽  
L3 Acquisition ◽  
Nonnative Language ◽  
Access Model

In her keynote article advocating the Linguistic Proximity Model for third language (L3) acquisition, Westergaard (2019) presents several arguments against ‘copying and restructuring’ in nonnative language acquisition, mechanisms central to Schwartz and Sprouse’s (1996) Full Transfer/Full Access model of second language (L2) acquisition. In this commentary, we seek to counter her arguments and also show that the results of a large body of studies on nonnative language acquisition are explained only by ‘copying and restructuring’.

scholarly journals Open Access Publishing from the Legal Point of View. Why Freedom of Information Rules and Other Legal Principles Matter. Towards A New Fair Open Access Model.

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-485
Author(s):  
Jiří Kolman ◽  
Petr Kolman
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
National Competition ◽  
Publicly Supported ◽  
Research Standards ◽  
Access Model

This article focuses on aspects that, as far as we know, have never been discussed in previous debates dealing with open access. The EU and national competition legal rules ensuring fair competition are a rather neglected aspect of open access. Another crucial topic is the unfairness of the current publication system. Why should commercial publishers be paid by publicly supported research such as EU or national research programmes? In the article a new publication model is suggested. The proposed model is trying to keep high research standards, to be fair to researchers and the public and to take into account the actual costs of the new open access model.

French wh-in-situ Questions and Syntactic Optionality: Evidence from Three Data Types

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aria Adli
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Judgment Process ◽  
Syntactic Restrictions ◽  
Syntactic Optionality

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to corroborate the assumption of syntactic optionality for French wh-questions. In terms of a broader basis of evidence three different data types are utilized: Firstly, a qualitative interview approach suggests that wh-in-situ does not show the syntactic restrictions postulated by Bošković (1998) and Cheng & Rooryck (2000), weakening the evidence in favor of the assumption of LF-movement. Secondly, a graded grammaticality judgment test reveals that even in terms of fine nuances an identical level of grammaticality exists between the wh-in-situ form and its counterpart with wh-movement. Given the fact that several crucial judgments in the literature on French wh-in-situ are doubtful, these approaches turn out to be particularly helpful for controlling undesirable interferences in the judgment process and for obtaining more reliable data. Thirdly, a reading time study shows that both variants have the same cognitive complexity in processing. These empirical studies come along with methodological work concerning the development and evaluation of the instruments. From a conceptual point of view the inherent contradiction to which optionality and economy lead within the minimalist framework will be addressed. I will largely follow the suggestion of Haider & Rosengren (2003), who assume optional movement to be exploited at the interface level of syntax. Concerning the latter, I point out that different registers partly correlate with different French wh-questions.

scholarly journals How to formulate research questions and design studies for telehealth assessment and evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 759-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Fatehi ◽  
Anthony C Smith ◽  
Anthony Maeder ◽  
Victoria Wade ◽  
Leonard C Gray
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Telehealth Intervention ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Study Designs

Planning a research strategy and formulating the right research questions at various stages of developing a telehealth intervention are essential for producing scientific evidence. The aim of research at each stage should correspond to the maturity of the intervention and will require a variety of study designs. Although there are several published evaluation frameworks for telemedicine or telehealth as a subset of broader eHealth domain, there is currently no simple model to guide research planning. In this paper we propose a five-stage model as a framework for planning a comprehensive telehealth research program for a new intervention or service system. The stages are: (1) Concept development, (2) Service design, (3) Pre-implementation, (4) Implementation, (5) Post-implementation, and at each stage a number of studies are considered. Robust evaluation is important for the widespread acceptance and implementation of telehealth. We hope this framework enables researchers, service administrators and clinicians to conceptualise, undertake and appraise telehealth research from the point of view of being able to assess how applicable and valid the research is for their particular circumstances.

When L1 becomes an L3: Do heritage speakers make better L3 learners?

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA POLINSKY
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Important Group ◽  
L3 Acquisition ◽  
Global Advantage ◽  
The Prestige

Heritage speakers who re-learn their childhood language in adulthood are an important group for the study of L3 acquisition. Such re-learners have selective advantages over other L2/L3 learners in phonetics/phonology, but lack a global advantage at re-learning the prestige variety of their L1. These learners show asymmetrical transfer effects in morphosyntax: transfer occurs only from the dominant language. Two tentative explanations for this asymmetry are suggested. First, re-learners may deploy the skills acquired in a classroom setting, where they have used only their dominant language. Second, re-learners may implicitly strive to increase the typological distance between their childhood language and the language of classroom instruction. These findings have implications for models of L3/Ln learning: the Cumulative Enhancement Model, the Typological Proximity Model, and the L2 Status Factor Model. The data discussed in this paper are most consistent with the latter model, but they also highlight the significance of the typological distance between languages under acquisition.

scholarly journals “Book is a book is a book is a book”? Open Access monographs and the changing nature of contemporary scholarly publishing.

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Morka
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scholarly Book ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Related Point ◽  
Successful Business ◽  
Access Model

See video of the presentation.Publishing an article in open access is hardly an act of courage anymore, as this model has been successfully applied to scholarly journals for quite a while now. The idea of publishing a book in OA is, on the other hand, still seen as a rather eccentric idea.  This presentation looks closer at this very eccentricity, examining current developments in the application of OA models with respect to books. It focuses on three main questions: successful business models, academic systems of career advancement and scholars’ attitudes towards open access. Although delivered by a publisher, rather than looking at the idea of open access monograph from a strictly business-related point of view, it seeks to paint a more nuanced landscape of the changing nature of the scholarly book itself and the challenges it faces. Using the open access model as a tool, it proposes to redefine the boundaries of the very nature of the contemporary scholarly monograph and encourages rethinking of the current mechanisms of construction and dissemination of knowledge.

scholarly journals Coming of age in L3 initial stages transfer models: Deriving developmental predictions and looking towards the future

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge González Alonso ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
The Past ◽  
L3 Acquisition ◽  
Data Basis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Ultimate Attainment ◽  
Do So ◽  
Transfer Models

Aims: Over the past decade in particular, formal linguistic work within L3 acquisition has concentrated on hypothesizing and empirically determining the source of transfer from previous languages—L1, L2 or both—in L3 grammatical representations. In view of the progressive concern with more advanced stages, we aim to show that focusing on L3 initial stages should be one continued priority of the field, even—or especially—if the field is ready to shift towards modeling L3 development and ultimate attainment. Approach: We argue that L3 learnability is significantly impacted by initial stages transfer, as such forms the basis of the initial L3 interlanguage. To illustrate our point, the insights from studies using initial and intermediary stages L3 data are discussed in light of developmental predictions that derive from the initial stages models. Conclusions: Despite a shared desire to understand the process of L3 acquisition in whole, inclusive of offering developmental L3 theories, we argue that the field does not yet have—although is ever closer to—the data basis needed to effectively do so. Originality: This article seeks to convince the readership of the need for conservatism in L3 acquisition theory building, whereby offering a framework on how and why we can most effectively build on the accumulated knowledge of the L3 initial stages in order to make significant, steady progress. Significance: The arguments exposed here are meant to provide an epistemological base for a tenable framework of formal approaches to L3 interlanguage development and, eventually, ultimate attainment.

scholarly journals Open Access Publishing from the Legal Point of View. Why Freedom of Information Rules and Other Legal Principles Matter. Towards A New Fair Open Access Model.

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-485
Author(s):  
Jiří Kolman ◽  
Petr Kolman
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
National Competition ◽  
Publicly Supported ◽  
Research Standards ◽  
Access Model

This article focuses on aspects that, as far as we know, have never been discussed in previous debates dealing with open access. The EU and national competition legal rules ensuring fair competition are a rather neglected aspect of open access. Another crucial topic is the unfairness of the current publication system. Why should commercial publishers be paid by publicly supported research such as EU or national research programmes? In the article a new publication model is suggested. The proposed model is trying to keep high research standards, to be fair to researchers and the public and to take into account the actual costs of the new open access model.

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