How to mix

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena Torres Cacoullos ◽  
Nathalie Dion ◽  
Dora LaCasse ◽  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Widespread Occurrence

Abstract The widespread occurrence of nouns in one language with a determiner in the other, often referred to as mixed NPs, has generated much theorizing. Since both a formal syntactic account based on abstract features of the determiner and an account highlighting the notion of a Matrix language yield largely the same predictions, we assess how the tenets of each play out in speaker choices. The data derive from a massive corpus of spontaneous nominal mixes, produced by bilinguals in New Mexico, where bidirectional code-switching is the norm. Bilinguals’ choices concern (1) NP status (mixed vs. unmixed); (2) mixing type (limited-item vs. multi-word); and (3) noun language (here, English vs. Spanish). Results show that the community preference is for mixed NPs, independent of the theoretical felicity dictated by determiner language properties. These NPs are mostly constituted of limited-item lone nouns, again regardless of noun language, such that the language of the determiner and any associated verb is perforce that of the local discourse. Finally, the overwhelming choice is for English lone nouns incorporated into Spanish, and hence for a Spanish determiner. The language of the determiner proceeds, not from abstract linguistic properties, but from adherence to bilingual speech community conventions.

Prosody: A feature of languages or a feature of speakers?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Muñiz-Cachón
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Social situations of language coexistence have resulted in linguistic manifestations of bilingualism and diglossia, including linguistic interference, lexical loans and code switching. What role does prosody play in social bilingualism? In other words, when contact between different languages is not restricted to the individual but affects an entire speech community, does a dominant prosody exist? Does prosody vary among different linguistic varieties? In order to find an answer to these questions, we hereby show the results of a research project on the prosodic features of Asturian and Castilian spoken in the centre of Asturias. This experimental study is based on the speech of four informants from Oviedo – two men and two women – two of which speak Castilian, while the other two speak Asturian.

Open class and closed class: Sentence-imitation experiments on intrasentential code-switching

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Azuma ◽  
Richard P. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Errors ◽  
Sentence Repetition ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Sentence Imitation ◽  
Open Class ◽  
Japanese English

ABSTRACTOne of the most striking facts about exchange errors in speech is that open class items are exchanged, but closed class items are not. This article argues that a pattern analogous to that in speech errors also appears in intrasentential code-switching. Intrasentential code-switching is the alternating use of two languages in a sentence by bilinguals. Studies of the spontaneous conversation of bilinguals have supported the claim that open class items may be codeswitched, but closed class items may not. This claim was tested by two sentence repetition experiments, one with Japanese/English bilinguals and the other with Spanish/English bilinguals. The results show that the switching of closed class items caused significantly longer response times and more errors than the switching of open class items.

A NOTE ON THE BIOLOGY OF ANOPLIUS TENUICORNIS (TOURNIER) IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
S. Koponen ◽  
M.S. Wasbauer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Holarctic Species

Anoplius tenuicornis (Tournier) is a holarctic species with a broad distribution both in Europe (Wolf 1967) and North America (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985). Despite the widespread occurrence of the species, individuals are not frequently encountered, so it is not surprising that biological information on it has not been available for North America and very little for Europe. Richards and Hamm (1939) gave two fragmentary reports of some significance on A. tenuicornis in England, reported as A. piliventris (Morawitz). In one case, cocoons of the wasp were found in dead thistle stems. In the other, an old burrow of Ectemnius continuus (Fabricius) (Sphecidae) (reported as Solenius) in rotten wood contained a series of wasp cocoons and fragments of clubionid spiders, the presumed prey.

scholarly journals EDS Containment Vessel Explosive Test and Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Crocker ◽  
Brent L. Haroldsen ◽  
Jerome H. Stofleth ◽  
Mien Yip
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Containment Vessel ◽  
Tnt Equivalent ◽  
Vessel Response

This report documents the results of two of tests that were performed on an explosive containment vessel at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico in July 2013 to provide some deeper understanding of the effects of charge geometry on the vessel response [1]. The vessel was fabricated under Code Case 2564 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which provides rules for the design of impulsively loaded vessels [2]. The explosive rating for the vessel, based on the Code Case, is nine (9) pounds TNT-equivalent. One explosive test consisted of a single, centrally located, 7.2 pound bare charge of Composition C-4 (equivalent to 9 pounds TNT). The other test used six each 1.2 pound charges of Composition C-4 (7.2 pounds total) distributed in two bays of three.

NOTES ON NEW MEXICO BEES

1900 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 361-364
Author(s):  
T. D. A. Cockerell
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Hind Tibia ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Depression ◽  
The Face

Bombomelecta larreœ, n. sp.♀.—Length 12½ mm.; general build and structure of B. thoracica, but the scutellum is convex with a central depression, and wholly without spines; while the claws have the inner division short and broadly truncate. The maxillary palpi are 6-jointed, and the mandibles have a strong tooth on the inner side. Black; pubescence of the face and vertex pale brown; of the occiput, labrum and clypeus, black; of the pleura, metathorax and scutellum, black; of the post-scurtellum, yellowish, especially noticeable at the sides; of the mesothorax, orange-fulvous, short, dense and conspicuous in front, thin behind. Abdomen with broad but inconspicuous ochreous bands on segments 2 to 4, more or less interrupted in the middle on 2 and 4, represented on the first segment by lateral patches, and a few ochreous hairs even in the middle; fifth segment with black hairs. Antennæ entirely black, apex truncate, the corners of the truncation rounded. Legs black, with black pubescence; spurs black, hind spur of hind tibia larger than the other, and somewhat bent. Wings dark fuliginous, with hyaline patches on the third transverso-cubital and second recurrent nervures; venation resembling that of B. thoracica, var. fulvida, except that the first recurrent nervure joins the second submarginal cell almost at its apex.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING USED BY ENGLISH TEACHER BASED ON GENDER INEQUALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Chotibul Umam ◽  
Dita Sukawati ◽  
Fadilla Oktaviana
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Made In

In this research, the writer was aimed to find out the types of code switching that used by English teacher based on gender inequality and the reasons of using code switching that used by English teacher based on gender inequality. The writer was conducted case study in qualitative method. In collecting the data, the writer used observation by using video recording and interview. The result of the research shows that the writer found three types from each teacher based on gender inequality by observation. The types are inter-sentential, intra-sentential and tag switching. In the other hand, each types that used by English teacher based on gender inequality was made in number percentages, for female English teacher are inter sentential code switching 54%, intra sentential code switching 38% and tag switching 8%. Moreover, for male English teacher are inter sentential code switching 42%, intra sentential code switching 41% and tag switching 18%. In the other words, interview was used to find out the reasons that used by English teacher based on gender inequality. The reasons are talking about particular topic, repetition, Interjection and Raising status.

Taxonomy and variability of three Texigryphaea (Bivalvia) species from their Lower Cretaceous (Albian) type localities in New Mexico and Oklahoma

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry S. Kues
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Turbulence Length ◽  
Group Species

The benthic, free-living oyster Texigryphaea was the dominant constituent of many late Albian marine communities in the Texas and southern Western Interior regions. Large topotypic assemblages of three common lower–middle Washita Group species (T. navia and T. pitcheri in Oklahoma and T. tucumcarii in New Mexico) each display considerable morphological variation in valve shape and the proportions and expression of various features. Variation within an assemblage is partly due to ontogenetic changes but is mainly ecophenotypic, with local variation in nature of substrate, water turbulence, length of attachment time, and other factors influencing the final morphology of the mature shell. The T. navia assemblage is distinct in several important morphological characters from the other species, and the differences become more pronounced with growth. Texigryphaea navia appears to have been adapted to relatively firm substrates in moderately agitated conditions, in contrast to the other species, which occupied softer substrates in quieter environments. The essentially contemporaneous T. pitcheri and T. tucumcarii assemblages display much overlap in all measured dimensions of the left valve and in the range of intergrading morphs that compose each assemblage. Accordingly, T. tucumcarii is considered a synonym of T. pitcheri, representing populations of that species that lived in the West Texas-New Mexico area and developed only minor differences from the eastern populations. Within the T. navia topotypic assemblage are specimens intermediate between T. navia and T. pitcheri, and the eastern and western T. pitcheri assemblages contain forms apparently transitional to two other species, T. washitaensis and T. belviderensis. Ecophenotypic variation in the T. pitcheri assemblages appears to be greater than that in European Jurassic Gryphaea species and mirrors to some extent phyletic variation in European Jurassic Gryphaea lineages.

English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Expanding Circle ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
First Languages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

This article discusses English in terms of its role as a contact language among expanding circle users of English from different first languages. It begins by observing both similarities between English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and other lingua francas, and the difference in scale between them, with ELF involving a far higher number of people and first languages. The article goes on to explore empirical research into ELF, and its key findings: on the one hand, that certain “nonstandard” English forms are regularly preferred to “standard” (i.e. native) ones, and on the other, that ELF is far more affected by context and accommodation processes, and, therefore, far more diverse, than native Englishes. The notion of “community of practice,” it is argued, is, thus, more appropriate to ELF than that of “speech community.” The article concludes by considering three key areas of ELF research that need to be tackled.

Wyniki oznaczeń taksonomicznych szczątków drewna

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-106
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Skrzyński
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxonomic Identification ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
High Share

A number of samples collected during exploration of archaeological features from the Przeworsk culture cremation cemetery were submitted for xylological examination. The samples contained poorly preserved charred remains of wood, which were subjected to taxonomic identification. Anthracological analyses allowed four taxa of woody plants to be identified, with the predominant share of remains belonging to Scots pine Pinus sylvestris. The high share of pine wood fragments may indicate selective acquisition of this species as a material for building funeral pyres. On the other hand, it may reflect the widespread occurrence of this species in the nearby forest communities, which were shaped by human activity.

Diglossia in North Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotfi Sayahi
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Functional Distribution ◽  
Definition Of

Diglossia refers to a situation where two linguistic varieties coexist within a given speech community. One variety, labeled the ‘high variety’, is used in formal domains including education, while the other variety, labeled the ‘low variety’, is used principally in instances of informal extemporaneous communication. The domains of use, however, are not strictly separate and especially so with the increase in electronic modes of communication. This results in what has been described as diglossic code-switching, and the gradual encroaching of, in the case under consideration here, vernacular Arabic upon the domains of use of Standard Arabic. While the genetic relationship between the two varieties is central in the definition of a classical diglossic situation as in the case of Arabic, the concept of diglossia has often been extended in the literature to cover situations of a functional distribution between languages that are genetically distant, such as with the situation of Spanish and Guaraní in Paraguay. In North Africa, vernacular Arabic is in a classical diglossic distribution with Standard Arabic, while the Berber languages are often described as existing in a situation of extended diglossia with Arabic. However, distinguishing between diglossia as it exists between the Arabic dialects and Standard Arabic and the situation of bilingualism that involves Arabic, Berber, and European languages provides the best framework for describing the linguistic situation in North Africa. Diglossia is a key element in understanding the mechanisms of the region’s language contact and change as it plays a central role in shaping language attitude, language policy, and language planning.

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