Translation ambiguity in Mandarin-English bilinguals

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana M. Basnight-Brown ◽  
Stephanie A. Kazanas ◽  
Jeanette Altarriba
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
Translation Ambiguity ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Multiple Translations

Abstract Research focused on the cognitive processes surrounding bilingual language representation has revealed the important role that translation ambiguity plays in how languages are stored in memory (Tokowicz & Kroll, 2007). In addition, translation of emotionally related information has been shown to be challenging because a direct translation does not always exist (Basnight-Brown & Altarriba, 2014). The focus of the current study was to explore the processing of ambiguous words for translations that differ in orthography. In Experiment 1, Chinese-English bilinguals translated concrete and abstract words that differed in the number of translations across languages. In Experiment 2, emotion words were introduced into the context, in order to examine differences in emotion translation across languages. The results revealed that words with a single translation were produced faster and more accurately than words that had multiple translations. Finally, translation of emotional stimuli was faster when translating Chinese words as compared to English words.

scholarly journals Emotional face recognition and EEG measures

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Mahler ◽  
Sandra Reder
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Stimulus Type ◽  
Face Stimulus ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Relevant Stimulus ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Emotional Face

Twenty one adults looked at emotional (sad, happy, fearful) or neutral faces. EEG measures showed that emotional significance of face (stimulus type) modulated the amplitude of EEG, especially for theta and delta frequency band power. Also, emotional discrimination by theta was more distributed on the posterior sites of the scalp for the emotional stimuli. Thus, this frequency band variation could represent a complex set of cognitive processes whereby selective attention becomes focused on an emotional-relevant stimulus.

scholarly journals 1070 An Examination of the Relationship Between Language Use in Post-Trauma Nightmares and Psychological Sequelae in a Treatment Seeking Population

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A407-A408
Author(s):  
C Paquet ◽  
J Davis
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptom ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Studying language use in dreams and nightmares has become an increasingly used tool to understand underlying emotional and cognitive processes. Specifically, in regards to post-trauma nightmares (PTNMs), nightmare transcriptions can offer a lens to understand a survivor’s interpretation of their trauma. The current study will utilize a method of quantitative text analysis to analyze the relationship between specific psychological constructs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nightmare qualities. It is hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between words related to perceptual processes and negative emotions in nightmares and PTSD symptom and nightmare severity. There will be a negative correlation between cognitive processes and positive emotion words, and PTSD symptom and nightmare severity. Methods Fifty-three nightmares were collected from participants that were recruited from the community in a Midwestern city as part of an ongoing investigation of the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for PTNM, Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT). All participants were over the age of 18, have experienced a criterion A trauma, and have nightmares at least once weekly. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) was utilized to analyze the nightmare transcriptions. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Trauma-related Nightmare Survey (TRNS) were used to measure symptom severity. A Pearson’s correlation analysis was used for this exploratory study. Results Words related to perceptual processes were significantly positively correlated with PTSD symptom and nightmare severity (p<.05) Neither negative nor positive emotion words were significantly related to PTSD and nightmare symptoms (p>.05). Cognitive processing words were significantly negatively correlated with PTSD and nightmare symptoms (p<.05). Conclusion The results of this study support the hypothesis that language use in nightmares reveals important information about underlying cognitive and emotional functioning. The results of this study may have an important impact on treatment considerations for those who have experienced trauma. Analyzing language use in PTNM may help to understand the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Support Support for this study comes from the University of Tulsa Institute of Trauma, Adversity, and Injustice.

scholarly journals The Influence of Antiobesity Media Content on Intention to Eat Healthily and Exercise: A Test of the Ordered Protection Motivation Theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raeann Ritland ◽  
Lulu Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Threat Appraisals ◽  
Nonprobability Sample ◽  
Intention To Exercise ◽  
And Coping

This study extended the ordered protection motivation framework to determine whether exposure and attention to antiobesity media content increases people’s appraisals of threat and their ability to cope with it. It also assesses whether these cognitive processes, in turn, affected people’s intention to abide by the practices recommended to prevent obesity. The results of a national online survey using a nonprobability sample indicate that attention to mediated obesity and related information significantly increased people’s intention to exercise as well as their overall coping appraisals (the perceived effectiveness of the recommended behaviors and their ability to perform them). Likewise, increased threat and coping appraisals were both found to significantly influence people’s intention to exercise and diet. Coping (rather than threat) appraisals more strongly predicted behavioral intent. Following the attitude-behavior literature, behavioral intention was used as the most proximate predictor of actual behavior (i.e., stronger intentions increase the likelihood of behavior change).

scholarly journals Violence exposure and neural systems underlying working memory for emotional stimuli in youth

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1517-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Jenness ◽  
Maya L. Rosen ◽  
Kelly A. Sambrook ◽  
Meg J. Dennison ◽  
Hilary K. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Left Middle

AbstractViolence exposure during childhood is common and associated with poor cognitive and academic functioning. However, little is known about how violence exposure influences cognitive processes that might contribute to these disparities, such as working memory, or their neural underpinnings, particularly for cognitive processes that occur in emotionally salient contexts. We address this gap in a sample of 54 participants aged 8 to 19 years (50% female), half with exposure to interpersonal violence. Participants completed a delayed match to sample task for emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Violence-exposed youth performed worse than controls on happy and neutral, but not angry, trials. In whole-brain analysis, violence-exposed youth had reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and right intraparietal sulcus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus and temporal–parietal junction during retrieval compared to control youth. Reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus during retrieval mediated the association between violence exposure and task performance. Violence exposure influences the frontoparietal network that supports working memory as well as regions involved in facial processing during working memory for emotional stimuli. Reduced neural recruitment in these regions may explain atypical patterns of cognitive processing seen among violence-exposed youth, particularly within emotional contexts.

scholarly journals Monetary and non-monetary rewards reduce attentional capture by emotional distractors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
AT Walsh ◽  
David Podhortzer Carmel ◽  
David Harper ◽  
P Bolitho ◽  
Georgina Grimshaw
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Letter Identification ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Accurate Performance

© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Irrelevant emotional stimuli often capture attention, disrupting ongoing cognitive processes. In two experiments, we examined whether availability of rewards (monetary and non-monetary) can prevent this attentional capture. Participants completed a central letter identification task while attempting to ignore negative, positive, and neutral distractor images that appeared above or below the targets on 25% of trials. Distraction was indexed by slowing on distractor-present trials. Half the participants completed the task with no performance-contingent reward, while the other half earned points for fast and accurate performance. In Experiment 1, points translated into monetary reward, but in Experiment 2, points had no monetary value. In both experiments, reward reduced capture by emotional distractors, showing that even non-monetary reward can aid attentional control. These findings suggest that motivation encourages use of effective cognitive control mechanisms that effectively prevent attentional capture, even when distractors are emotional.

scholarly journals Rat anterior cingulate cortex recalls features of remote reward locations after disfavoured reinforcements

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mashhoori ◽  
Saeedeh Hashemnia ◽  
Bruce L McNaughton ◽  
David R Euston ◽  
Aaron J Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Task Space ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Current State ◽  
Multimodal Information ◽  
And Task

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encodes information supporting mnemonic and cognitive processes. We show here that a rat’s position can be decoded with high spatiotemporal resolution from ACC activity. ACC neurons encoded the current state of the animal and task, except for brief excursions that sometimes occurred at target feeders. During excursions, the decoded position became more similar to a remote target feeder than the rat’s physical position. Excursions recruited activation of neurons encoding choice and reward, and the likelihood of excursions at a feeder was inversely correlated with feeder preference. These data suggest that the excursion phenomenon was related to evaluating real or fictive choice outcomes, particularly after disfavoured reinforcements. We propose that the multiplexing of position with choice-related information forms a mental model isomorphic with the task space, which can be mentally navigated via excursions to recall multimodal information about the utility of remote locations.

Existing Robotics Technologies for Implementation of Special Education

2022 ◽  
pp. 757-774
Author(s):  
Roman Zahariev Zahariev ◽  
Nina Valchkova
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Cognitive Robotic

Collaborative robots (Cobots) are described from the point of view of the cognitive processes underlying the perception and emotional expression of learners based on individual human interacting with non-humanoid robots. The chapter describes a project that is aimed at the development and prototyping of mobile cognitive robotic system designed for service and assistance to people with disabilities. In creating this robot called “AnRI” (anthropomorphic robot intelligent) the experience from building the previous one was used, and it was used in the project Conduct Research into the Adoption of Robotic Technologies in Special Education by Children, Young People, and Pedagogical Specialists. It is described as a device of the robot and realization of cognitive processes to integrate knowledge-related information from sensors, actuators, and multiple sources of information vital to the process of serving people with disabilities.

Bilingual language representation and cognitive processes in translation

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA HATZIDAKI ◽  
EMMANUEL M. POTHOS
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
First Language ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Lexical Memory ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Semantic Errors ◽  
Lexical Errors

ABSTRACTAtext-translation task and a recognition task investigated the hypothesis thatsemantic memoryprincipally mediates translation from a bilingual's native first language (L1) to her second language (L2), whereaslexical memorymediates translation from L2 to L1. This has been held for word translation by the revised hierarchical model (RHM) of Kroll and Stewart. The results from Greek, English, and French fluent bilinguals showed semantic errors in L1–L2 direction and lexical errors in L2–L1 direction in the translation task as RHM would predict, but not semantic effects in L1–L2 direction in the word recognition task. These findings suggest a flexible use of conceptual and lexical connections that fluent bilinguals engage, depending upon the cognitive processes required by the task at hand.

Emotion word comprehension in children aged 4–7 years

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Declercq ◽  
Pauline Marlé ◽  
Régis Pochon
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Word Comprehension ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Emotion Word ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Emotional Knowledge ◽  
Emotional Lexicon ◽  
Regular Training ◽  
Concrete Words

AbstractDespite its importance for furthering social relationships, the development of the emotional lexicon has seldom been studied. Recent research suggests that during childhood, emotion words are acquired less rapidly than concrete words, but more rapidly than abstract words. The present study directly compared the comprehension of emotion words with the comprehension of concrete and abstract words in children aged 4–7 years. Children were shown 48 sets of four pictures and for each set had to point to the picture corresponding to a word that had just been pronounced. Words referred to concrete (16), abstract (16), or emotional (16) concepts. Results showed that concrete words were better understood than either emotion or abstract words, and emotion words were better understood than abstract ones. This finding emphasises the importance of the emotional lexicon in lexical development, and suggests that emotion word comprehension should be enhanced through regular training. This would increase children’s emotional knowledge, improve their communication skills, and promote their socialisation.

scholarly journals Aggressive Realism: More Efficient Processing of Anger in Physically Aggressive Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-581
Author(s):  
Grace M. Brennan ◽  
Arielle R. Baskin-Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Emotion Identification ◽  
Bias Drift ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Information Accumulation

Physically aggressive individuals’ heightened tendency to decide that ambiguous faces are angry is thought to contribute to their destructive interpersonal behavior. Although this tendency is commonly attributed to bias, other cognitive processes could account for the emotion-identification patterns observed in physical aggression. Diffusion modeling is a valuable tool for parsing the contributions of several cognitive processes known to influence decision-making, including bias, drift rate (efficiency of information accumulation), and threshold separation (extent of information accumulation). In a sample of 90 incarcerated men, we applied diffusion modeling to an emotion-identification task. Physical aggression was positively associated with drift rate (i.e., more efficient information accumulation) for anger, and drift rate mediated the association between physical aggression and heightened anger identification. Physical aggression was not, however, associated with bias or threshold separation. These findings implicate processing efficiency for anger-related information as a potential mechanism driving aberrant emotion identification in physical aggression.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document