Nominal and verbal agreement in Portuguese

2006 ◽  
pp. 25-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Costa ◽  
Maria Cristina Figueiredo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Agreement

scholarly journals A note on verbal agreement in Maung∗

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Donohue
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Agreement

Context and paradigms

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Current Work ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Exemplar Model ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Pronunciation Variation ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Verbal Agreement

A small but growing body of research on English and Dutch has found that pronunciation of affixes in a word form is sensitive to paradigmatic probability – i.e., the probability of using that form over other words in the same morphological paradigm. Yet it remains unclear (a) how paradigmatic probability is best measured; (b) whether an increase in paradigmatic probability leads to phonetic enhancement or reduction; and (c) by what mechanism paradigmatic probability can affect pronunciation. The current work examines pronunciation variation of Russian verbal agreement suffixes. I show that there are two distinct patterns of variation, corresponding to two different measures of paradigmatic probability. One measure, pairwise paradigmatic probability, is associated with a pronunciation pattern that resembles phonetic enhancement. The second measure, lexeme paradigmatic probability, can show enhancement effects, but can also yield reduction effects more similar to those of contextual probability. I propose that these two patterns can be explained in an exemplar model of lexical storage. Reduction effects are the consequence of faster retrieval and encoding of an articulatory target, while effects that resemble enhancement result when the pronunciation target of both members of a pair of competing word forms is shifted towards the more frequent of two.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the pronouns ‘a gente’ and ‘tu’ and of the grammatical patterns of agreement / Avaliação dos pronomes ‘a gente’ e ‘tu’ e dos padrões gramaticais de concordância

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1613
Author(s):  
Josilene De Jesus Mendonça ◽  
Andréia Silva Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interactional Context ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Methodological Advance ◽  
Linguistic Attitudes

Abstract: We present results of a comparative study of beliefs about (i) the pronominal forms a gente (“we”) and tu (“you”) and (ii) the social evaluation of nonstandard verbal agreement with these two pronouns by a group of students from the Federal University of Sergipe (Itabaiana-SE). We discuss the methodological advances in the use of the Iramuteq software, through a multidimensional analysis of beliefs and linguistic attitudes. A survey was designed to measure the attitudes towards the following grammatical patterns: i) a gente (“we”); ii) tu (“you”); iii) a gente vivemos (“we 1PL live 1PL”); and iv) tu vai (“you 2SG go 3SG”). The results reveal that the students’ perception of grammatical patterns is based on dimensions of standardization and vitality; they attribute two types of social values to the linguistic forms: cultural (common, habitual, strange, normal) and normative (correct, wrong). The form a gente vivemos (“we live-1PP”) seems to be the only one to which stigma is attached in the community. The results also reveal that the students link these forms to notions of social adequacy both to the interactional context and to the speech community. The analysis with Iramuteq represents a methodological advance for perception studies, by enabling comparability between the vocabulary used by the students and the linguistic forms under evaluation, and providing an objective, reliable statistical analysis.Keywords: grammatical patterns; variation; linguistic attitudes.Resumo: Apresentamos os resultados de um estudo comparativo entre crenças relativas às formas pronominais a gente e tu e a avaliação social da concordância não padrão com tais formas por um grupo de universitários da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. A partir de uma análise multidimensional das crenças por meio do Iramuteq, objetivamos discutir as vantagens metodológicas do uso desse software para estudos de atitudes linguísticas. Um questionário foi desenvolvido para mensurar as atitudes acerca dos seguintes padrões gramaticais: i) a gente; ii) tu; iii) a gente vivemos; e iv) tu vai. Os resultados evidenciam que a percepção dos universitários em relação aos padrões gramaticais considerados baseia-se nas dimensões de padronização e vitalidade, atribuindo às formas linguísticas dois tipos de valores sociais: cultural (comum, costume, estranho, normal) e normativo (correto, errado). Dentre as formas linguísticas avaliadas, apenas a gente vivemos parece carregar estigma na comunidade, com avaliação negativa. Os resultados mostram também que os universitários atrelam o uso dos padrões gramaticais avaliados à noção de normas sociais de adequação ao contexto interacional e à comunidade de fala. A análise com o Iramuteq representa um ganho metodológico para os estudos de percepção, pois, além de permitir a comparabilidade entre o vocabulário utilizado pelos participantes e as formas linguísticas sob avaliação, oferece uma análise estatisticamente sólida, confiável e objetiva.Palavras-chave: padrões gramaticais; variação; atitudes linguísticas.

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM BIRO PERJALANAN UMRAH TERHADAP CALON JAMAAHNYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1529
Author(s):  
Jeremi Korayan ◽  
Gunawan Djajaputra
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
The Government

As a legal subject, Umroh organizing agency has the legal responsibility of Umroh congregation, responsibilities relating to the concept of legal obligations. A person is legally responsible for a particular act or that he or she assumes legal liability means that he or she is responsible for a sanction in the event of a conflicting action. From legal aspect, Umroh organizing agency's legal responsibility can be seen from civil, criminal, and administrative aspects. Many of the Umroh organizing agency although it has permission from the government but in its implementation is not in accordance with the provisions set forth in the legislation regulating the implementation of Hajj and Umroh. This can result in losses for pilgrims who use the umroh organizing agency. For example, in practice, many Umroh organizing angency do not give written agreements. The agreement is usually done with a verbal agreement promising. Therefore, when the rights and obligations of the parties is not met, there is no authentic evidence to prosecute and no limits on liability. Actually, a written contract is regulated and stipulated in Article 45 of Law. 13/2008 on Organizing Haj Pilgrimage to Mecca. Thus the form of agreement of appointment of departure between the Umroh organizers agency with prospective pilgrims so that umroh can be known various responsibilities of the umroh organizers agency in case of incompatibility between the agreement with the realization.

Complete and defective agreement in Kutchi

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-288
Author(s):  
Stefan Keine ◽  
Trupti Nisar ◽  
Rajesh Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Split Ergativity ◽  
Do So

We describe and analyze the previously undocumented verbal agreement system of Kutchi (Indo-Aryan). We argue that Kutchi instantiates a novel type of split ergativity. First, it exhibits an aspect split in that agreement in non-perfective clauses behaves on a par with agreement in intransitive perfective clauses, in stark contrast to transitive perfective clauses. A striking property of Kutchi is that these asymmetries manifest themselves in the richness of agreement. In the former configurations, the verb agrees with the subject for person, number and gender. In the latter, on the other hand, agreement is systematically defective and reliable fails to cross-references certain φ-features. In addition to this aspect split, Kutchi displays a person split: While the verb normally agrees with the subject, it surprisingly fails to do so in transitive perfective clauses with a 1st person subject. Instead, it is the object that triggers agreement in these configurations, likewise in a defective manner. We will argue that these agreement asymmetries are syntactic in nature rather than morphological. Our analysis builds on, and extends, previous work by Laka (2006) and Coon (2010).

Aantekeninge: Verblyfvergunning is nie outomaties habitatio nie en totale skade omvat skade gely weens inbreuk op die eiser se vervullingsbelang

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
JC Sonnekus
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Real Right ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Contractual Arrangement ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Victoria Falls

According to the headnote attached to the most recent decision under discussion, the litigation turned on the quantification of the total loss suffered by M as alleged holder of a right of habitatio after S as reputed owner of the farm revoked the verbal agreement between the parties entitling M to occupy the dwelling ad infinitum on condition that he renovates the dwelling to a habitable state. Notwithstanding the conviction of the judges involved, it is clear that at no stage were any of the requirements for the acquisition or vesting of a limited real right of habitatio complied with. No limited real right was registered against the farm and S as the alleged grantor of the limited real right was at no stage the owner of the property. He could not have been entitled to burden the property of another with such limited real right. A contractual arrangement between the parties, however, did exist granting the claimant an entitlement to occupy the dwelling. The initially friendly relations between the litigants soured abruptly in February 2013 when S evicted M from the farm because of a supposed blasphemous comment by M. This happened after the claimant had already invested significantly in the restoration and modernisation of the old dilapidated dwelling. “The plaintiff regarded this as a repudiation of the contract between him and the defendant, accepted it as such and left the farm, effectively halting the renovation project” (par 14 read with par 5.4 of the 2016-decision). His claim for compensation of the loss suffered was held by the court to be limited to the amounts reflected in the receipts representing the cost of building material when it was acquired. It is submitted that the court should also have taken note of the loss suffered as positive interest, because the claimant forfeited the calculated benefit of life-long free occupation in the restored dwelling. Because of the underlying agreement between the parties to the litigation, the patrimonial benefit that accrued to the estate of the owner of the farm due to the objective rules of accessio cannot be classified as actionable unjustified enrichment. The principles of unjustified enrichment do not apply – the resulting detriment or loss of M was cum causa and not sine causa. The remarks of the court pointing to unjustified enrichment do not convince. Damages should have been calculated to cover the loss in positive interest of the claimant and not merely his negative interest, ie the amounts paid for the building material used in the renovation. The court, however, held: “I’m satisfied that the plaintiff has adduced sufficient evidence to prove his claim for the costs of renovating the farmhouse on a balance of probabilities” (par 23). The last mentioned mode of quantification of the loss suffered would have been more in place where merely a delict was involved, as eg where the damaged motor vehicle should be repaired to the state it was in before the accident occurred. Had the judges in this case done a correct assessment of loss upon cancellation for breach of contract, it would have led to a respect of the rule of law and would not have been to the detriment of the claimant. The legal principles that should have been applied had already been clearly formulated more than a century ago: “The sufferer by such a breach should be placed in the position he would have occupied had the contract been performed, so far as that can be done by the payment of money, and without undue hardship to the defaulting party …” Victoria Falls & Transvaal Power Co Ltd v Consolidated Langlaagte Mines Ltd (1915 AD 1 22).

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