Preverbal word order in Old English and Old French

2014 ◽  
pp. 233-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Bech ◽  
Christine Meklenborg Salvesen
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Old French

scholarly journals Diagnosing embedded V2 in Old English and Old French

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Meklenborg Salvesen ◽  
George Walkden
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Old French ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Verb ◽  
Finite Verb

Old English (OE) and Old French (OF) both display verb-second (V2) word order in main declarative clauses. Different models may account for V2: (a) the finite verb must move to a head in the CP field; (b) it must remain in the IP field; or (c) it moves to the left periphery only when the preceding XP is not a subject. While the IP-model should allow free embedded V2, the two others would either exclude completely or strongly limit the possibilty of having embedded V2. We select embedded that-clauses and analyse the word order with respect to the matrix verb: embedded V2 is possible in both OE and OF, although the availability of this structure is restricted. OE has very few occurrences of embedded V2, whereas OF seems to permit this construction more freely. We link this difference to the site of first Merge of complementizers in the two languages.

Issues in the left periphery of Old French and Old English

2021 ◽  
pp. 248-274
Author(s):  
Ans van Kemenade ◽  
Christine Meklenborg
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Old French ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Finite Verb

Topicalization in Old English and Old French is a poorly studied field. This chapter aims to identify and compare their different strategies for topicalization. We find that both Old English and Old French have evidence for high and low topics, which we argue are Hanging Topics and Left Dislocated Topics. In the case of Old English, we find evidence that both kinds of topics have been derived by movement into the left periphery. Old French displays a hybrid system where Hanging Topics have been base generated, while Left Dislocated Topics have been moved. Applying a Force-Fin-V2 analysis, we find that even in a Force-V2 language there may be Left Dislocated Topics. We propose that the Force-Fin-V2 model be refined, so that moved Left Dislocated Topics block further movement of the finite verb to Force, so that even in a Force-V2 language, the finite verb will be in Fin in the presence of moved Left Dislocated Topics.

Transient Megaesophagus Following Coral Snake Envenomation in Three Dogs (2013–2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Justin Andrew Heinz ◽  
Joseph Mankin ◽  
Medora Pashmakova
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Old English ◽  
Aspiration Pneumonia ◽  
Old French ◽  
Coral Snake ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
The Third ◽  
Snake Envenomation ◽  
French Bulldog

ABSTRACT A 12 yr old dachshund, a 7 yr old English springer spaniel, and a 1.5 yr old French bulldog presented following envenomation by a coral snake. Each patient displayed evidence of varying degrees of lower motor neuron dysfunction, but all three developed transient megaesophagus. Two patients developed secondary aspiration pneumonia, with one requiring mechanical ventilation, which the owners declined, resulting in euthanasia. The third developed hypoventilation without aspiration pneumonia, was mechanically ventilated, and was successfully weaned. In the two surviving patients, the megaesophagus resolved by time of discharge. Coral snake envenomation is an uncommon occurrence, and these are the first documented cases of transient megaesophagus secondary to a North American species.

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