The Origin of Sino-Korean Coda-l

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ik-sang Eom
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Five Dynasties ◽  
Internal Change

Abstract Among the stop endings of Middle Chinese entering tone, the alveolar stop -t was consistently changed to -l in Sino-Korean while -p and -k remained the same. In his article in the Journal of East Asian Linguistics, Martin (1997) claims that Sino-Korean coda -l was derived from a liquid of a northwestern dialect of the late Tang and Five dynasties, in which Middle Chinese coda -t was changed to -d > -r. This article, however, points out some problems of Martin's view and attempts to present evidence that Middle Chinese coda -t was already changed to -l in Old Sino-Korean even before the lenition of Middle Chinese alveolar stop endings took place in the northwestern dialects of Tang China. Accordingly, this article claims that Sino-Korean coda -l was not an external change but an internal change.

Maxims of Foreign Policy

Itinerario ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
W.J. Boot
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Japanese Identity

In the pre-modern period, Japanese identity was articulated in contrast with China. It was, however, articulated in reference to criteria that were commonly accepted in the whole East-Asian cultural sphere; criteria, therefore, that were Chinese in origin.One of the fields in which Japan's conception of a Japanese identity was enacted was that of foreign relations, i.e. of Japan's relations with China, the various kingdoms in Korea, and from the second half of the sixteenth century onwards, with the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutchmen, and the Kingdom of the Ryūkū.

A Quick Visual Mind Can be a Slow Auditory Mind

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Martens ◽  
Addie Johnson ◽  
Martje Bolle ◽  
Jelmer Borst
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Conscious Level ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
Concurrent Information

The human mind is severely limited in processing concurrent information at a conscious level of awareness. These temporal restrictions are clearly reflected in the attentional blink (AB), a deficit in reporting the second of two targets when it occurs 200–500 ms after the first. However, we recently reported that some individuals do not show a visual AB, and presented psychophysiological evidence that target processing differs between “blinkers” and “nonblinkers”. Here, we present evidence that visual nonblinkers do show an auditory AB, which suggests that a major source of attentional restriction as reflected in the AB is likely to be modality-specific. In Experiment 3, we show that when the difficulty in identifying visual targets is increased, nonblinkers continue to show little or no visual AB, suggesting that the presence of an AB in the auditory but not in the visual modality is not due to a difference in task difficulty.

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