The Origins of Fanagalo

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajend Mesthrie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Indian Immigrants ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
Sugar Plantations ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds ◽  
Origin Hypothesis ◽  
Written Sources

This paper examines, and refutes, the currently most popular hypothesis concerning the origin of Fanagalo, namely, that it arose on the plantation fields of Natal among indentured East Indian migrants who arrived there from 1860 onwards. Can a pidgin be initiated by a group of migrants from differing linguistic backgrounds in a plantation situation, and still remain in widespread use without showing any substrate influences? If the Indian origin hypothesis is correct, this would indeed be the case: a "crystallized" southern African Pidgin, stable for about a hundred years, would have been created in the sugar plantations of Natal by migrant indentured Indian workers without any tangible influences from any of the five or so Indic and Dravidian languages involved. However, structural and lexical evidence indicates otherwise. Written sources (a first-hand account by an English settler from about 1905, and two published accounts by an English missionary) suggest that the use of Fanagalo in Natal predated the arrival of Indian immigrants by at least ten years. Regarding the origins of Fanagalo, one other viable alternative is examined — the Eastern Cape in the early 1800s. The conclusion is that the most likely site for Fanagalo's genesis was Natal in the mid-nineteenth century.

Indigenous Written Sources for the History of Bonny

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 185-196
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Court Records ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similar Character ◽  
Written Sources

It is well known that indigenous contemporary written documentation exists for the precolonial and early colonial history of some of the coastal societies of South-Eastern Nigeria. The best known example is Old Calabar, for which there exists most notably the diary of Antera Duke, covering the years 1785-88, a document brought from Old Calabar to Britain already during the nineteenth century. More recently John Latham has discovered additional material of a similar character still preserved locally in Old Calabar, principally the Black Davis House Book (containing material dating from the 1830s onwards), the papers of Coco Bassey (including diaries covering the years 1878-89), and the papers of E. O. Offiong (comprising trade ledgers, court records, and letter books relating to the period 1885-1907). In the Niger Delta S. J. S. Cookey, for his biography of King Jaja of Opobo, was able to use contemporary documents in Jaja's own papers, including correspondence from the late 1860s onwards. In the case of the neighboring community of Bonny (from which Jaja seceded to found Opobo after a civil war in 1869), while earlier historians have alluded to the existence of indigenous written documentation, they have done so only in very general terms and without any indication of the quantity or nature of this material.

Integrating Systems Theory and Attachment Theory: The Use of Radio Communication to Modify Attachments in a Patient with Psychogenic Vomiting*

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 595-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dickman ◽  
Pablo Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Peer Socialization ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Indian Immigrants ◽  
Patterns Of Relating ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mother And Child

A case is presented that shows the usefulness of integrating systems theory and attachment theory in the formulation and treatment of a clinical problem. The 5 year old son of East Indian immigrants presented with persistent psychogenic vomiting associated with pathological family attachments. It was evident that the precarious family equilibrium was stabilized by the child's psychogenic vomiting. The therapeutic team suggested to the family that their problems might be more satisfactorily resolved if the mother and child maintained their link by two-way radio. Three weeks later the vomiting had ceased, the child no longer felt that he needed the radio and both parents had established new patterns of relating to their child, whose attendance and peer socialization at school showed marked improvement. To some extent the rapid resolution of the problems was facilitated by the cultural strengths of the family.

People at the Gates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flordeliz T. Bugarin
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
The Impact

During the early nineteenth century in South Africa, the British built Fort Willshire on the banks of the Keiskamma River. At its gates, they established the first official trade fairs and mandated that trade throughout the Eastern Cape be confined here. This area became a vortex in which a variety of people convened, traded goods, and influenced cultural and economic interaction. This chapter introduces the various Africans who gravitated to the region, claimed the surrounding lands throughout the river valley, and vied for economic resources and political power. By looking at the archival records, oral traditions, and archaeological evidence, research demonstrates that the region consisted of a variety of people with different backgrounds and affiliations. Furthermore, this area provides a model for understanding the impact of the British on the Xhosa, yet it is just as much a window to the interactions between various Xhosa factions and chiefdoms.

Mapping the spread of the English language in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 18-40
Author(s):  
Cristina Muru
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
English Language ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Political Strategies ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Indian Company ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Written Sources

Abstract This article aims to offer, within an intra- and interdisciplinary approach, a further analysis of the formal and informal contexts in which the English language was used in India during the British colonisation, highlighting the favourable conditions these contexts created for the formation of pidginised varieties of English, such as Butler Pidgin English or Boxwāllā(h) Pidgin English (Kachru 1994). Substantial elements of a wider picture of social, cultural, political and commercial contact have been taken into account along with the analysis of old written sources. Indeed, both official records of the East Indian Company (e.g. dispatches about political strategies and language policy) and merchants’ correspondence have been studied in order to understand how we can say something about oral communication through written sources (Rambø 2013).

Hawaiian Music in Motion

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Revell Carr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Native Hawaiian ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
Sugar Plantations ◽  
American Popular Music ◽  
Hawaiian Culture

This book explores the performance, reception, transmission, and adaptation of Hawaiian music on board ships and in the islands, revealing the ways both maritime commerce and imperial confrontation facilitated the circulation of popular music in the nineteenth century. The book shows how Hawaiians initially used music and dance to ease tensions with, and spread information about, potentially dangerous foreigners, and then traces the circulation of Hawaiian song and dance worldwide as Hawaiians served aboard American and European ships. Drawing on journals and ships' logs, the book highlights the profound contrasts between Hawaiians' treatment by fellow sailors who appreciated their seamanship and music, versus antagonistic American missionaries determined to keep Hawaiians on local sugar plantations, and looks at how Hawaiians achieved their own ends by capitalizing on Americans' conflicting expectations and fraught discourse around hula and other musical practices. It also examines American minstrelsy in Hawaii, including professional touring minstrel troupes from the mainland, amateur troupes consisting of crew members of visiting ships, and local indigenous troupes of Hawaiian minstrels. In the process he illuminates how a merging of indigenous and foreign elements became the new sound of native Hawaiian culture at the turn of the twentieth century—and made loping rhythms, falsetto yodels, and driving ukuleles indelible parts of American popular music.

From the Sacred to the Secular: Ethnic Identity and Monetary Value embodied in Jewish Ceremonial Textiles according to the Pinkassim of Amsterdam

Images ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Julie-Marthe Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Ritual ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Written Sources

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Jewish intelligentsia developed a historical and scholarly interest in material objects of Jewish culture. In new exhibitions they organized, ritual objects that had been associated exclusively with religious observance, were moved to the public domain and divested of their purely religious ritual function. In a secular setting, Judaica became an expression of Jewish ethnic identity defined by its surrounding and religion, and evoked a new appreciation as objets d’art that implicitly assumed a monetary market value. This article examines whether this expression of ethnic identity and aesthetic and monetary appreciation developed first in the context of nineteenth-century secularism. By presenting three case studies based on written sources, I argue that ethnic and monetary value were already manifest in prior centuries and underline the value of written sources for an understanding of the social and cultural historical context of Jewish ceremonial objects.

scholarly journals Nineteenth-Century Eurasians and Spatiality in Emma Roberts’ Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan, with Sketches of Anglo-Indian Society (1835)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Third Space ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Spatial Politics ◽  
Spatial Homogeneity ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Homi Bhabha ◽  
The Government

In this article, through a spatial reading of Roberts’ Scenes and Characteristics I illustrate how the stringent regulations of the East Indian Company disempowering the Eurasians are manifested through the spatial strictures, and how notions of cultural purity and hierarchy are realized through the politics of space in colonial India. Spatial concepts of lived space, third space, and hybridity— drawn from the theories of Homi Bhabha, Edward Soja and Henry Lefebvre—are useful in mapping the spatial politics in nineteenth-century India, especially in relation to the Government-house in Calcutta, the seat of the highest authority in colonial India, and the marginalized orphanages/schools run by the East India Company primarily for the benefit of Eurasian children. Discrimination through spatially segregation was practiced by the British East India Company in order to preserve the racial purity of the European upper class at the helm of the Indian colony. My paper illustrates how the fortunes of the male and female “half-castes” of empire were variously charted, and how spatial homogeneity was subverted through the subtext of marital relations. The “third space” that some of the fortunately-marked interracial men and women occupy constantly pulled at the seams of apparently inviolable concepts of homogeneity and purity to expose and challenge the cultural dominion of the British Empire.

Chowtal and the Dantāl

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North India ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Per Capita

This chapter discusses two distinct traditional entities in Indo-Caribbean music culture—the antiphonal folksong genre called chowtal and the dantāl, a common metallophone—which have flourished in the diaspora. In fact, they have become considerably more widespread, on a per capita basis, than their counterparts in North India. In the process, they illustrate how the neotraditional stratum of the international Bhojpuri diaspora—including both the Caribbean and Fiji—can constitute an entity that shares features that, despite being of traditional Indian origin, nevertheless are distinct from the Bhojpuri ancestral culture. These phenomena illustrate how, in this sense, neotraditional Bhojpuri diasporic music culture is best seen not as a microcosm of its nineteenth-century Bhojpuri-region ancestor, but as an entity with its own distinctive features, in which inherited features may assume trajectories quite distinct from their North Indian counterparts.

PREVALENCE OF TORUS PALATINUS IN ADULT HUMAN CRANIA OF EAST INDIAN ORIGIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
Sanchita Roy ◽  
Madhumita Datta ◽  
Deepraj Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Hard Palate ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Torus Palatinus ◽  
Indian Origin

Torus Palatinus or Palatine torus is a benign bony exostosis that exists on the hard palate along the mid-palatal or interpalatine suture. Although smaller tori are clinically asymptomatic, bigger ones may require surgical intervention.This study is an attempt to analyze the incidence of palatine tori in East Indian population and to assess any signicant sexual variation between male and female crania. In the present study, 96 skulls (60 male and 36 female) from different medical colleges of West Bengal were examined at Department of Anatomy, N.R.S. Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal between 2017-2019 to observe the presence of torus on the hard palate. While 8.33% of the total sample showed the presence of palatine torus; no statistically signicant sex difference was noted in its prevalence in male and female skulls. Male skulls were documented with a 10% prevalence rate while female skulls were found to have a 5.55% prevalence of Torus Palatinus. This data is not only useful in comparing skulls of various races but also bears importance in dentistry and facio-maxillary operative interventions.

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