Clause-final negation

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ger P. Reesink
Keyword(s):  
Final Position ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Sentential Operator ◽  
Negative Adverb

Negation in a number of Austronesian and Papuan languages with SVO order is expressed by a rather rigid clause-final position of the negative adverb. Some typological generalizations for negation are reviewed and the distribution of this trait in languages of different stocks is discussed, arguing that it most likely originates in Papuan languages. Some proposals for different types of negation, such as whether it is a verbal (or VP) operator, a constituent operator or a sentential operator are considered. The problem of determining the scope of negation is discussed, with the conclusion that hard and fast semantic meanings for NEG at different structural levels cannot be posited, suggesting that perhaps a solution can be found in the application of some universal pragmatic principles.

scholarly journals Geography of braided rivers within the territory of Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
R. S. Chalov ◽  
E. R. Chalova
Keyword(s):  
River Channels ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Channel Changes ◽  
Braided Rivers ◽  
Meandering Channels ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Incised Channel ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
First Time

The paper represents the geographical analysis of braided river channels development and distribution for the first time in Russian Scientific Literature. On asmall-scale map of Russia we display the distribution of braided channels on small and middle mountain, semi-mountain and plain rivers, in free and limited conditions of channel changes development (on rivers with wide floodplain and incised channel), which are determined by geologic-geomorphologic structure of the territory. On the large and largest rivers we distinguish braided reaches of different morphological types according to the MSU classification (single, conjugated, one-sided and alternate one-sided, sub-parallel branches, etc) and also bifurcations as aconsequence of meander cut-off which complicate the morphology of straight and meandering channels. Separately we display bifurcations on the other structural levels of channel processes development point mid-channel bifurcations on mountain reaches of large rivers, split channels and deltaic braided reaches. The causes of different types of braided channels development in different natural conditions are described.

Interactions de l'œil et du lobe optique au cours de la croissance post-embryonnaire des Insectes odonates

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-407
Author(s):  
Par Michel Mouze
Keyword(s):  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Isolated Organs ◽  
Mitogenic Action ◽  
Different Types

Different types of experiments have been performed in order to disturb or to destroy the relations between the eye and the optic lobe and then to study these isolated organs. The results show that growth and differentiation of the eye is independent of the optic lobe. However, the structure of ommatidia whose post-retinal fibres have been sectioned is markedly modified. The growth of the optic lobe is closely related to the presence of the eye and more precisely to the connexion with the post-retinal fibres. The volume of the optic lobe, especially the more external optic ganglia, is reduced after its relations with the eye are disturbed. Moreover numerous abnormalities in its structure evince a disordered organization of new nerve fibres, which are attracted by the newly constituted zone of the lamina and exert a mitogenic action on the outer growing zone of the optic lobe. These fibres seem to exert a regulatory effect upon the differentiation and final position of the new ganglion cells.

Grammatical and caregiver cues in early sentence comprehension

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELE SHADY ◽  
LOUANN GERKEN
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Speech Stream ◽  
Grammatical Morphemes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Short Utterance

In order to begin to learn a language, young children must be able to locate and distinguish linguistic units in the speech they hear. A number of cues in the speech stream may aid them in this task. Some cues, such as frequently occurring grammatical morphemes and prosodic changes at linguistic boundaries are inherent in the language. Other cues, such as short utterance length and placement of key words in utterance-final position, are not integral to the grammar of the language but are characteristically provided by caregivers. Although previous studies suggest that even infants are sensitive to many of these cues, it is not clear that young listeners actually use them in assigning structure to sentences. The experiments reported here asked whether 60 children aged 2;0 to 2;2 used grammatical and caregiver cues in sentence comprehension and how different types of cues interacted. Two findings are of note: children used all of the cues tested, and the presence of one type of cue did not diminish use of another.

scholarly journals Naming the parts: a case-study of a gender equality initiative with academic women

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aifric O Grada ◽  
Caitríona Ní Laoire ◽  
Carol Linehan ◽  
Geraldine Boylan ◽  
Linda Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structural Levels

Purpose – This paper aims to seek to contribute to current debates about the effectiveness of different types of gender equality interventions in the academic context. This paper presents an argument for the need to move beyond an individual-structural dichotomy in how such interventions are perceived. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on an action-research case-study, the Through the Glass Ceiling project, to challenge the idea that “individual”/single-actor interventions serve only to reinforce underlying inequalities by attempting to “fix the women”. Findings – It is suggested that actions that support women in their careers have the potential to achieve a degree of transformation at individual, cultural and structural levels when such actions are designed with an understanding of how individuals embody the gendered and gendering social structures and values that are constantly being produced and reproduced within society and academia. The case study highlights the benefits of supporting individuals as gendered actors in gendering institutions and of facilitating the development of critical gender awareness, suggesting that such interventions are most effective when undertaken as part of an integrated institutional equality agenda. Originality/value – By calling attention to the ongoing mutual construction of actors and practices in organizations, this paper seeks to make both a conceptual contribution to how we understand the (re)production and potential transformation of gender relations in academia and to influence wider policy dialogues on diversity at work.

scholarly journals Die mentale Verarbeitung von Verben in idiomatischen Konstruktionen

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rabanus ◽  
Eva Smolka ◽  
Judith Streb ◽  
Frank Rösler
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Verb Meaning

AbstractThis study investigated whether verbs in figurative language activate different types of associations than do verbs in literal language. In a sentence-priming experiment, we compared idiomatic sentences and literal sentences that comprised the same verb. The German perfect tense is of particular interest here, since the verb (i.e. the past participle) is always cast in sentence-final position. This allowed us to examine associations with the verb immediately after its presentation. We compared response times for associations with the literal meaning of the verb, with the figurative meaning of the phrase, or for unassociated nouns. Even though the idiomatic sentences were highly predictable, our results showed that not only associations with the figurative meaning but also associations with the literal verb meaning were activated. This contrasts with the configuration hypothesis (Cacciari/Tabossi 1988) assuming that literal associations should not be activated in idiomatically biased sentences. We argue that the literal verb meaning is essential in both figurative and non-figurative language and present a model that integrates our findings.

scholarly journals Geometric estimates of variations in space geodetic data

2021 ◽  
Vol 929 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
S I Kuzikov
Keyword(s):  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Geodetic Data ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Useful Signal ◽  
Sample Density ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Variation Interval ◽  
Geometric Estimates

Abstract Well-known statistical parameters have some disadvantages when analyzing space geodetic data. Geometric parameters are proposed here for estimating the variation properties of samples for various discrete datasets. The proposed parameters are logically related to each other and are based on the simplest well-known statistical parameters; they do not depend on the type of distribution of the sample under study. “Variation asymmetry” shows the shift of the arithmetic mean relative to the center of the variation interval in the units of the studied sample. “Density of variation” characterizes the level of average variability in sample units. This parameter has several times greater discriminatory sensitivity to extremely different types of variations than linear and standard deviations. The relative parameter “proportion of maximum density” shows the closeness of variation to a uniform distribution in the ranked sample and complements the indicator of variation density. An algorithm for separating different structural levels of the useful signal from emissions (noise) is proposed here based on the calculation of geometric characteristics. The iterations of dividing the sample into structurally homogeneous segments can be stopped at the level of the proportion of maximum density ≥0.9 when analyzing real GPS coordinates.

scholarly journals A Stylistic Study of Repetition and Ideology in Political Discourse: Donald Trump as a Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muayyad Omran Chiad ◽  
Azhar Hassan Sallomi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
Different Types

The challenging debates including the political one witness the presence of many ways conveying related views but not totally similar .Repetition is one of these variants which play an essential role in communication as speakers embrace a particular strategy in their choice to accomplish certain tasks. This paper investigates the phenomenon of repetition, its individualities, categories, the motives behind the manifestation of its different types, and the ideological function in the political discourse of Donald Trump, the president of the United States. Both Kemertelidze and Manjavidze’s (2013) model and van Dijk’s (1988) ideological square are adopted to identify the sorts of repetition and ideology accessible in Trump speeches. Thus, repetition in the present study does not only refer to its role as a stylistic cohesive device, but also to its function as a rhetorical device that carries a definite ideology to the audience . The paper reveals that Trump tends to use repetition and specifically anaphora and epiphora as he realizes well how such forms enhance the rhythmic blend of speech owing to the development of intonation and sound uniqueness at initial or final position of a sentence. Additionally, Trump intends consciously to repeat a word, a phrase, and even a sentence to accomplish goals like illumination, prominence, persuasion, warning, making a point memorable, and creating cohesion .Using such a vital instrument , he succeeds to have his own effect or authority  upon listeners, manipulate them, and  accordingly form an attitude.

scholarly journals Hierarchical Interfaces as Fracture Propagation Traps in Natural Layered Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 6855
Author(s):  
Hanoch Daniel Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Layered Structures ◽  
Layered Composite ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Layered Composites ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Designs ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Overall Reliability

Compared with their monolithic version, layered structures are known to be beneficial in the design of materials, especially ceramics, providing enhanced fracture toughness, mechanical strength, and overall reliability. This was proposed in recent decades and extensively studied in the engineering literature. The source of the property enhancement is the ability of layered structures to deflect and often arrest propagating cracks along internal interfaces between layers. Similar crack-stopping abilities are found in nature for a broad range of fibrillary layered biological structures. Such abilities are largely governed by complex architectural design solutions and geometries, which all appear to involve the presence of various types of internal interfaces at different structural levels. The simultaneous occurrence at several scales of different types of interfaces, designated here as hierarchical interfaces, within judiciously designed layered composite materials, is a powerful approach that constrains cracks to bifurcate and stop. This is concisely described here using selected biological examples, potentially serving as inspiration for alternative designs of engineering composites.

Relations between segmental and prosodic structure in first language acquisition

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 117-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Rose
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
First Language ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Quebec French

In this paper, I discuss a number of relations that take place between melodic content and higher prosodic structure in first language phonological development. I explore acquisition patterns found in data on the acquisition of Québec French. Starting with the observation that prosodic structure and, more specifically, stressed syllables, play a central role in phonological acquisition, I hypothesize that the inter-relations between prosodic and segmental structure posited by formal models of phonological organisation should be witnessed within and across developmental stages. I support this hypothesis through two findings from the French data. First, complex onsets emerge in stressed syllables before unstressed ones. Second, different types of consonants (placeless versus place-specified) emerge in word-final position at different stages. From these observations, I argue that the phenomena observed in these data are best captured in an analysis based on constituent structure and relationships between feature specification and prosodic constituency, which are governed by universal markedness.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

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