Evolution of the form of spoken words

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. MacNeilage ◽  
Barbara L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Production System ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Status ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
Language Corpus

The basic internal structure of a word consists of an alternation between consonants and vowels. Words tend to begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. The fundamental evolutionary status of the consonant-vowel alternation is indicated by its presence in rhythmically organized pre-linguistic vocalizations of 7 month-old babbling infants. We have argued that the basic alternation results from a mandibular cyclicity ("The Frame") originally evolving for ingestive purposes. Here, we consider beginnings and endings of words. We conclude that preferences for consonantal beginnings and vocalic endings may be basic biomechanical consequences of the act of producing vocal episodes between resting states of the production system. Both the characteristic beginning-end asymmetry and some details of the choice of individual sounds in the non-preferred modes (vocalic beginnings and consonantal endings) are mirrored in babbling and early words. The presence of many of these properties in modern words, even though they are delivered in running speech, as well as in a proto-language corpus, indicates retention, for message purposes, of properties originally associated with the single word stage of language evolution.

Twin stars as tracers of binary evolution in the Kepler era

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bulut ◽  
Baris Hoyman ◽  
Ahmet Dervisoglu ◽  
Orkun Özdarcan ◽  
Ömür Cakilrli
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Independent Method ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Evolutionary Status ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Orbital Parameters ◽  
Binary Evolution

Abstract We present results of the combined photometric and spectroscopic analysis of four systems, which are eclipsing binaries with a twin–component (mass ratio q ≃ 1). These are exceptional tools to provide information for probing the internal structure of stars. None of the systems were previously recognized as twin binaries. We used a number of high–resolution optical spectra to calculate the radial velocities and later combined them with photometry to derive orbital parameters. Temperatures and metallicities of systems were estimated from high-resolution spectra. For each binary, we obtained a full set of orbital and physical parameters, reaching precision below 3 per cent in masses and radii for whole pairs. By comparing our results with PARSEC and MIST isochrones, we assess the distance, age and evolutionary status of the researched objects. The primary and/or secondary stars of EPIC 216075815 and EPIC 202843107 are one of the cases where asteroseismic parameters of δ Sct and γ Dor pulsators were confirmed by an independent method and rare examples of the twin–eclipsing binaries, therefore the following analyses and results concern the pulsating nature of the components.

Contrastive linguistics and micro-variation

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Poletto
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics ◽  
Typological Variation

This article deals with a very general problem, namely the origin of the well-known distinction between dialectal and typological variation. It is argued that the fact that the possible grammatical choices are more restricted within a dialectal domain is not due to a supposed principled difference in the parameters that rule variation. Rather, they are a function of the originally unitary lexicon dialects share. If language variation is essentially located in the functional items, and they are derived from the same lexicon, then they will share some core properties that make dialectal variation so restricted. I propose that the fact that the lexicon is similar can give us clues about the internal structure of syntactically complex elements which are represented by a single word, like quantifiers, wh-items, modal verbs, etc. Within a homogenous domain, structural complexity correlates with a higher number of lexical roots: the higher the number of the lexical roots found, the more complex internal structure the functional item will display.

scholarly journals Operating efficiency assessment of commercial banks with Cooperative-Stackelberg hybrid two-stage DEA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng MA ◽  
Tianmingdi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Production System ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Efficiency Assessment

The two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is widely applied to assess the efficiency of commercial banks in recent years. Even though this approach well simulates the sequence of bank’s production process, the independent operations within sub-stage are generally ignored, and the cooperative or non-cooperative relations between sub-stages are usually investigated separately. Commercial banking production system, however, has complex internal structure within which parallel and series structure can co-exist, and cooperative relations may concurrently occur with non-cooperative ones. In this paper, we develop a hybrid two-stage DEA to simultaneously consider the series-parallel internal structure and the cooperative-Stackelberg relations between sub-stages. The data of 19 Chinese listed commercial banks are used to show the abilities of the proposed models. This approach represents a powerful and flexible efficiency measurement implement that can be applied when the system in question has a complex internal structure in terms of both sub-systems features and sub-systems relations.

scholarly journals Paradigmatic and syntagmatic effects in Estonian spontaneous speech

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaidi Lõo ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek ◽  
Pärtel Lippus ◽  
Benjamin V. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
System P ◽  
Morphological Family

Recent evidence has indicated that a word's morphological family and inflectional paradigm members get activated when we produce words. These paradigmatic effects have previously been studied in careful, laboratory context using words in isolation. This previous research has not investigated how the linguistic context affects spontaneous speech production. The current corpus analysis investigates paradigmatic and syntagmatic effects in Estonian spontaneous speech. Following related work on English, we focus on morphemic and non-morphemic word final /-s/ in content words. We report that linguistic context, as measured by conditional probability, has the strongest effect on the acoustic durations, while inflectional properties (internal structure and inflectional paradigm size) also affect word and segment durations. These results indicate that morphology is part of a complex system that interacts with other aspects of the language production system.

scholarly journals Dónde está la ball? Examining the effect of code switching on bilingual children's word recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1238-1248
Author(s):  
Giovanna MORINI ◽  
Rochelle S. NEWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Single Word ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
Language Condition ◽  
Multiple Languages

AbstractHearing words in sentences facilitates word recognition in monolingual children. Many children grow up receiving input in multiple languages – including exposure to sentences that ‘mix’ the languages. We explored Spanish–English bilingual toddlers’ (n = 24) ability to identify familiar words in three conditions: (i) single word (ball!); (ii) same-language sentence (Where's the ball?); or (iii) mixed-language sentence (Dónde está la ball?). Children successfully identified words across conditions; however, the advantage linked to hearing words in sentences was present only in the same-language condition. This work hence suggests that language mixing plays an important role on bilingual children's ability to recognize spoken words.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

The internal structure of medullated wool

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Leo Barish
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Wool Fiber ◽  
Guard Hair ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Thin Skin ◽  
Air Pockets

Although most of the wool used today consists of fine, unmedullated down-type fibers, a great deal of coarse wool is used for carpets, tweeds, industrial fabrics, etc. Besides the obvious diameter difference, coarse wool fibers are often medullated.Medullation may be easily observed using bright field light microscopy. Fig. 1A shows a typical fine diameter nonmedullated wool fiber, Fig. IB illustrates a coarse fiber with a large medulla. The opacity of the medulla is due to the inability of the mounting media to penetrate to the center of the fiber leaving air pockets. Fig. 1C shows an even thicker fiber with a very large medulla and with very thin skin. This type of wool is called “Kemp”, is shed annually or more often, and corresponds to guard hair in fur-bearing animals.

Procedure for Maximizing Phonological Information from Single-Word Responses

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Information ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Target Attainment ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Assessment Measure ◽  
Busy Clinician ◽  
Planning Intervention

Formal articulation test responses are often used by the busy clinician as a basis for planning intervention goals. This article describes a 6-step procedure for using efficiently the single-word responses elicited with an articulation test. This procedure involves the assessment of all consonants within a word rather than only test-target consonants. Responses are organized within a Model and Replica chart to yield information about an individual's (a) articulation ability, (b) frequency of target attainment, substitutions, and deletions, (c) variability in production, and (d) phonological processes. This procedure is recommended as a preliminary assessment measure. It is advised that more detailed analysis of continuous speech be undertaken in conjunction with early treatment sessions.

The Ontogenesis of Agent

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Barrett Olswang ◽  
Robert L. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Single Word ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Structured Activities

Three children were followed longitudinally for 12 months, between their 11th and 22nd months of life, to document their development of the linguistic expression of the agent concept. The children were observed approximately once a month in play and structured activities designed to elicit nonverbal and linguistic behaviors indicative of the children's awareness of the agent concept. This study describes how the linguistic behaviors (i.e., vocalizations, single-word utterances, and multiword utterances) were paired with emerging nonverbal agentive behaviors over the 12-month period. The children's first vocalizations did not appear to be consistently associated with any nonverbal agentive behaviors. Later vocalizations were consistently paired with directive nonverbal agentive behaviors. With the emergence of the mature cognitive notion of agent, the children produced single-word utterances coding the agent in agent-action-recipient events. And finally, for two of the children, multiword utterances coding two aspects of agent-action-recipient events were produced. The evolution of paired nonverbal agentive behaviors and different utterance types has provided evidence supporting the linguistic expression of an underlying cognitive notion.

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