Spanish Diphthongization and Accentual Structure in Diachronic Perspective

Diachronica ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-242
Author(s):  
Yakov Malkiel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Given

SUMMARY For over a century it has been axiomatic with Romance linguists that the formation of rising diphthongs in stressed syllables, at the threshold of the medieval period, was controlled by the given word's environment; by quantity (and, later, by quality) of the accented Latin vowel; and in most daughter languages (but not in Spanish) by the configuration of the syllable. On the other hand, it was believed to be irrelevant, by Hispanists, whether the stressed vowel was the ultimate, the penultimate, or the antepenultimate; and, so far as the last-mentioned situation was concerned, what vowel presided over the following post-tonic syllable. The present paper attempts to demonstrate that the prosodic position of the syllable at issue within the word is by no means irrelevant: Diphthongs thrive if followed by post-tonic a, but wither if followed by a front vowel. Certain developments previously deemed inexplicable thus begin to fall into place; for instance, Lat. pertica "pole"> O.Sp. piertega was replaced, before 1600, by (originally dialectal) pertiga. RÉSUMÉ Les romnisants ont suppose, depuis plus d'un siecle, que la di-phtongaison en syllabe accentue, a l'aube du myen age, dependait, es-sentiellemnt des facteurs suivants: des phonemes contigus; de la quantite (et, plus tard, de la qualite) de la voyelle latine d'origine; enfi de la coupe de la syllabe. D'atre part, les hispanistes n'at-tachaient aucune importance ala place qu'occupait la syllabe accentuee al'interieur du mot; et si ce mot etait proparoxyton, on ne se preoc-cupait pas trop de la voyelle post-tonique. Le present travail aspire a demntrer que les facteurs longtemps negliges ne manquent pas d'etre importants. Les interlocuteurs en ef-fet favorisent la diphtongue en syllabe antepenultieme si la voyelle suivante est a, mais pas du tout si elle est e ou i. Temoin le deve-loppement de latin pertica "perche", qui en ancien espagnol avait pro-duit piertega, tandis que le resultat posterieur (moyennant un emprunt fait aux dialectes) a ete pertiga. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Seit über einem Jahrhundert haben die Romanisten damit gerechnet, daB die Diphthongierung in betonter Silbe von folgenden Faktoren ab-hangt: der lautlichen Umgebung; der Quantitat (und spater der Quali-tat) des betonten Vokals im Lateinischen; schlieBlich von der Struktur der betreffenden Silbe. Hingegen schien die Stellung der betonten Silbe innerhalb des Wortes ziemlich unwichtig; wo es sich urn ein Proparoxy-tonon handelte, schien der Vokal der auf den Ton folgenden Silbe keine sonderliche Rolle zu spielen. Die hier vorgelegte Analyse raumt mit einigen dieser traditionel-len Auffassungen auf. Es ergibt sich namlich, daB ein a in der nach-tonigen Silbe den steigenden Diphthong eines Proparoxytonons fordert, wahrend ein e oder i in dieser Stellung ihn gefahrdet. So wird es nun-mehr zum ersten Mai verstandlich, daB lat. pertica "pfahl, Stock" zwar im Altspanischen piertega ergeben konnte, daB aber die neuere Form (den Mundarten entnommen) pértiga heißt.

scholarly journals Drifting towards Ambiguity: A Closer Look at Palatalisation in L2 Irish

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Marina Snesareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
At Home

This article focuses on palatalisation in the Irish spoken by Dublin-based bilinguals for whom English is their first language. All informants had a good knowledge of both Irish and English; however, Irish was their second language, used less frequently in everyday communication. Most Dubliners start learning Irish at school; only a few informants had the opportunity to speak it at home, but even then the language was not used outside class on a regular basis. The study showed that most deviations in the distribution of palatalised and non-palatalised consonants in the speech of Dublin bilinguals were of the palatalisation absence type. Such deviations were especially frequent next to back and mid-back vowels. On the other hand, a palatalised consonant was often pronounced instead of a non-palatalised one next to a front vowel. Previous research suggests that these tendencies also apply in weak positions (Snesareva 2014a; 2014b). Consequently, even though in traditional Irish dialects palatalisation is not position-bound, in the speech of Dublin bilinguals there is correlation between the palatalisation of a consonant and the quality of its neighbouring vowel. However, such consonant distribution was not encountered in all contexts: even those informants whose speech had deviations used palatalisation properly in some contexts. This means that position-bound use of palatalisation is still a tendency rather than an entrenched feature of Dublin Irish.

EFEK PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK AIR JAHE (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) DAN PENYIMPANAN DINGIN TERHADAP MUTU SENSORI IKAN TUNA (Thunnus albacores)

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Silvana Dinaintang Harikedua
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Storage Treatment ◽  
Zingiber Officinale Roscoe ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
And Storage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ginger extract addition and refrigerate storage on sensory quality of Tuna through panelist’s perception. Panelists (n=30) evaluated samples for overall appearance and flavor attribute using hedonic scale 1–7. The sample which is more acceptable by panelists on flavor attributes having 3% gingers extract and storage for 3 days. The less acceptable sample on flavor attribute having 0% ginger extract and storage for 9 days. On the other hand, the sample which is more acceptable by panelists on overall appearance having 0% ginger extract without storage treatment. The less acceptable sample on overall appearance having 3% ginger extract and storage for 9 days.

Evolution of the Spanish Relative Construction: Acquisition of National Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Nina Korbozerova ◽  
Olena Obruchnikova
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Contact Position

Complex attributive sentences in the Spanish language of the medieval period are characterized by a vague expression of the degree of syntactic subordination. During the XII-XVI centuries there is a process of constant enrichment of meanings and forms of complex attributive sentences. The final formation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence ended in the XVII century, in the period of unification and formation of the national Spanish language. Starting from the Old Spanish period, the externally formal homogeneity of models of a complex attributive sentence is disturbed by deep internal complications of semantic connections between the main and subordinate parts. Thus, in the Middle Spanish period, a complex attributive sentence gradually reformatted its structural organization by strengthening the contact position of the nominal center of subordination with the conjunctions and strengthening bilateral links between predicative components, which further contributed to the normalization of the position of the subordinate part. On the other hand, there is an intensive mutual replacement of some conjunctions with others. In the Old Spanish period, the conjunctions bigan to lose their uncoordinated lexical correlation between the correlative word and the supporting noun in the main part. This trend contributed to the consolidation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence, which was realized in the early Spanish period.

John Conrad Hansen (1869–1952) and his scientific illustrations

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Museum ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Other Hand

Over the course of his 14-year career at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History, artist and engraver John Conrad Hansen rendered hundreds of beautiful and accurate scientific illustrations of animals – mostly extinct fossil vertebrates. His principal media were oil paintings, pencil, pen-and-ink and wash drawings. Many of his illustrations have been published in the scientific literature. His oil paintings, on the other hand, were made for display alongside specimens in the Field Museum's exhibits. Despite the quality of Hansen's full-colour reconstructions, few of them have been seen outside the Museum. A small, representative sample of his work is reproduced here, along with a brief account of his troubled life and career.

German Children's Behavior Towards Their Mothers at 12 Months and Their Fathers at 18 Months in Ainsworth's Strange Situation

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus E. Grossmann ◽  
Karin Grossmann ◽  
Franz Huber ◽  
Ulrike Wartner
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Attachment Relationship ◽  
Children's Behavior ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Fourty-nine 12 months old children and their mothers were videotaped in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Fourty-six of them were videotaped again in the same situation at 18 months with their fathers. Quality of attachment was determined by using Ainsworth's criteria. Fewer children had 'secure' relationships to their parents than in comparable U.S. samples. There was no correlation between infant-mother and infant-father quality of attachment relationship. The results are discussed in terms of parental attempts to cope with cultural demands imposed on them. These specific cultural demands may frequently interfere with the establishment of a securely attached relationship. On the other hand, they may be only transitory and appropriate from an adaptation to culture-specific expectancies point of view.

scholarly journals The recertification of the professional accounting qualification in Estonia: the requirements and quality of CPD

2017 ◽  
pp. 113-0
Author(s):  
Kaidi Kallaste ◽  
Jaan Alver
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Qualification ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Alternative Solutions

The recertification of the professional accounting qualification in Estonia: the requirements and quality of CPD As the purpose of a professional qualification should be to ensure quality to employers/customers, appro-priate requirements for professional training should not be too low. On the other hand, too high require-ments for the amount of training would lead to the situation where maintaining the level is expensive and if the labour market does not consider having a professional certificate necessary, recertification will be discarded. The purpose of the research was to identify the factors that influence an accountant’s decision whether to recertify his/her professional qualification or not. The conditions of recertification were ana-lysed and compared to other countries as were the requirements set up for auditors. The results of the survey revealed that in Estonia the decision not to recertify one’s professional qualification was mainly due to not having fulfilled the required number of qualification hours or not having certificates proving one’s participation in qualification training sessions. At the same time, compared to other countries, the requirements in Estonia are very low. So that the increase in the amount of training would not hinder recertification, alternative solutions for Estonia are proposed in the article.

scholarly journals Analisis Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Yogurt Yang Menggunakan Starter Lactobacillus bulgaricus Dengan Persentase Yang Berbeda

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Yusdar Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus ◽  
Know How ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT.  A study of pyisical properties and quality of yogurt with Lactobacillus bulgaricus as a starter has been doon. Objectives of this study is to know how many percent starter of L. bulgaricus in yogurt to decrease suscepetibility to syneresis and to increase quality of yogurt. Yogurt was analyzed for susceptibility to syineresis, titratable acidity and content of crude protein and crude fat. Syinerisis of yogurt was evaluated according to centrifugal methods of Halwarkar and Kalab. The result of the study showed that yogurt with 2.5-10 % L. bulgaricus as a starter are not have any effect of susceptibility to synerisis and content of crude fat, but centripuged at 250-1000 rpm. Had significantly different (0.01) on susceptibility to synerisis. On the other hand the increasing of centrifuge rotation, increase susceptibility to synerisis. The starter of 5-10% L. bulgaricus used in yogurt able to increase titratable acidity and content of crude protein. The yogurt prepared by 10% L. bulgaricus had the highest score (3.88%) of crude protein, although there is no significant differences with yogurt using 7.5% L. bulgaricus.

scholarly journals AIR QUALITY MONITORING OF KALABAHI-ALOR’S SEAPORT-EAST OF NUSA TENGGARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
Rikson Siburian ◽  
Minsyahril Bukit ◽  
Herlince Sihotang ◽  
Saur Lumban Raja ◽  
Minto Supeno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government

Evaluation of environment of seaport is needed as well as our responsibility to nature sustainability. The Alor’s seaport belongs to Pelindo III. In order to know the air quality of Alor’s seaport, we did this study. Our aims are to know level quality of air at Alor’s seaport and compare to the government regulation. This study refers to Pararosaniline (SOx), Saltzman (NOx), Particle Calculation (dust) and decibel (noisy) methods. We used four locations, those are A-1 (Entrance gate of PELINDO (8013’09.12”S, 124031’07.21”E)); A-2 (In front of passengers terminal (8013’08.75”S, 124031’01.60”E)); A-3 (Exit  gate Kalabahi’s seaport (8013’08.2”S, 124031’00.87”E)) and A-4 (In front of port of the people (8011’09.12”S, 124031’07.21”E)). Results show that the averages level of SOx, NOx and dust of A-1, A-2 and A-3 are 103.01, 104.65 and 107.47 (µg/Nm3), 37.87, 30.62, and 39.73 (µg/Nm3), 56.64, 47.47 and 50.72 (µg/Nm), respectively. On the other hand, the level of noisy of A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4 are 68.76, 65.69, 65.20 and 73.60 (dBA), respectively. Base on all of data, we conclude that the air quality of Alor’s seaport is still appropriate according to government regulation (PP. No. 4, 1999).

scholarly journals Daya Serap Air dan Kualitas Wadah Semai Ramah Lingkungan Berbahan Limbah Kertas Koran dan Bahan Organik

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Jumadil Akhir ◽  
Allaily Allaily ◽  
Dida Syamsuwida ◽  
Sri Wilarso Budi R
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Materials Used

Abstrak. Wadah semai ramah lingkungan merupakan produk yang dibuat dari bahan organik. Bahan organik yang digunakan dapat berupa limbah, sehingga dapat membantu mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan dalam menangani limbah. Di sisi lain penggunaan wadah semai ramah lingkungan mempunyai keuntungan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan polybag berbahan plastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya serap air dan kualitas Wadah Semai Ramah Lingkungan (WSRL) berbahan limbah kertas koran dan bahan organik lainnya. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 2 faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya serap air berkisar 171. 04 %-223.69%, dengan nilai tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan Ab (Koran 100% + 8% perekat) dan terendah terdapat pada perlakuan Ac (Koran 100% + 12% perekat). Penggunaan koran 100% menunjukkan WSRL yang lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Water Absorption and Quality of Eco-Friendly Container Waste from Newsprint and Organic Materials Abstract. Organic seedling containers was produced from organic materials. Organic materials used can be waste, so it can help overcome environmental problems in handling waste. On the other hand, the use of organic seeding containers makes the containers more friendly and has greater advantages compared to polybags made from plastic. This study aimed to determine the water absorption and durability of Environmentally Friendly Semi-containers (EFSC) in greenhouses and fields. The design used in this research was complete randomized design with 2 factors. The results showed that water absorption was 171.04% -223.69%, with the highest value found in Ab (100% pulp + 8% glue) treatment and the lowest was in Ac treatment (100% pulp + 12% glue). Using 100% newspapers showed a stronger WSRL compared to other treatments.

Kvalitet pitanja u TV školi u nastavi prirode i društva

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Lukić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
School Year ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cognitive Levels ◽  
The Way

The aim of this paperis to determine the quality of TV classes World around us and Nature and Social Science,which were broadcasted on Radio Television of Serbia during the pandemic in the school year 2019/20. Although the work was indirect, so the immediate interaction between the teacher and student is missed. Therefore, teacher's questions were the way of establishing some kind of interaction in such classes organized in this manner. For this reason, we wanted to establish the types of questions that teachers were asking to students through small screens. Considering that the achievements of learning are based on Bloom's Taxonomy, we were analyzing sixteen TV classes and classified the questions the teachers asked according to cognitive area, on six educational levels. The results indicate that the most common were question within lower cognitive levels were (knowledge, understanding and application), and that there are no statistically significant differences in cognitive levels on questions asked between lower (1st and 2nd grade) and higher grades (3rd and 4th grade), on the other hand, on the classes of determination of educational content teachers were asking statistically significant quality questions compared to the classes of interpretation.

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