Chapter 10. Stable variation or change in progress? A sociolinguistic analysis of pa(ra) in the Spanish of Venezuela

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Fafulas ◽  
Manuel Díaz-Campos ◽  
Michael Gradoville
Keyword(s):  
Stable Variation

Learning to talk Philadelphian: Acquisition of short a by preschool children

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Roberts ◽  
William Labov
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Stable Variation

ABSTRACTRecent work in the acquisition of variation has shown that children begin to learn patterns of stable variation at a very early age. In fact, it appears that they acquire variable rules at about the same time as they are acquiring related categorical rules. Little is known, however, about the transmission from generation to generation of features undergoing sound change in progress. Therefore, this study examines the acquisition of the Philadelphia short a pattern by 18 3- and 4-year-old children. Even though this pattern of the raising and tensing of short a is a complex one, the children had, for the most part, acquired it. In almost all cases, the children matched the short a distribution both of their parents and a group of adult Philadelphians who were interviewed in the mid 1970s and described in Labov (1989b). These results indicate that even the youngest members of the speech community are actively participating in ongoing sound change.

Clans and clanlectal contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-214
Author(s):  
Kelhouvinuo Suokhrie
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
Intergenerational Change ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
The Way

Abstract This is the first variationist study of clan intermarriage and intergenerational change in Nagaland (India). The study investigates clan as a sociolinguistic variable by drawing data from the Angami (belonging to the Kuki-Chin-Naga sub-group of Tibeto-Burman languages) community of Kohima village in Nagaland. The linguistic variables examined include two alveolar fricatives and three affricates showing variable palatalization. Like many other clan-based communities (cf. Stanford, 2007, 2008, 2009), Angamis practice exogamy. Women settle down in their husband’s clans in the same village after marriage, but continue to maintain their original clanlects despite being in contact with their husband’s clanlects for many years. Exogamy practices are however weakening in Kohima, resulting in intra-clan marriages. The study examines the linguistic implications of the inter-clan and intra-clan marriages, illustrating the patterns that young learners acquire under such circumstances and the way they respond to the new changes. Labov finds evidence for an “outward orientation of the language learning faculty” (2012, 2014). The Nagaland results build on this notion but provide a new perspective: In Nagaland, children’s language learning is inwardly oriented with respect to stable variation and outwardly oriented in the case of change in progress.

scholarly journals Introduction to the special issue: ‘Negation and Clitics in French: Interaction and Variation’

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISABETH STARK ◽  
CHARLOTTE MEISNER ◽  
HARALD VÖLKER
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Old French ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
Modern Standard

ABSTRACTThis introduction presents very briefly some of the main issues currently discussed around negation particles and clitics in contemporary French and taken up by the six contributions it assembles, namely language change (grammaticalisation of clitics into agreement markers, completion of the Jespersen Cycle) vs. stable variation, and external (sociolinguistic) or internal (phonotactic, prosodic, or syntactic) factors triggering variation in both cases; the hypothesis of a potential diglossia in French opposing two grammars with considerable syntactic differences. Five out of six contributions focus on modern standard and non-standard varieties of French, with a formal theoretical background, while one shows a more philological-descriptive approach and is dedicated to Old French manuscripts.

Exploring Theories of Victimization Using a Mathematical Model of Burglary

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley B. Pitcher ◽  
Shane D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Qualitative Agreement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residential Burglary ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Good Qualitative Agreement ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
Near Repeat

Research concerned with burglary indicates that it is clustered not only at places but also in time. Some homes are victimized repeatedly, and the risk to neighbors of victimized homes is temporarily elevated. The latter type of burglary is referred to as a near repeat. Two theories have been proposed to explain observed patterns. The boost hypothesis states that risk is elevated following an event reflecting offender foraging activity. The flag hypothesis, on the other hand, suggests that time-stable variation in risk provides an explanation where data for populations with different risks are analyzed in the aggregate. To examine this, the authors specify a series of discrete mathematical models of urban residential burglary and examine their outcomes using stochastic agent-based simulations. Results suggest that variation in risk alone cannot explain patterns of exact and near repeats, but that models which also include a boost component show good qualitative agreement with published findings.

scholarly journals Circumscription of the Sibbaldia procumbens complex (Potentilleae: Rosaceae) in China based on evidence from simple sequence repeat markers and morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huajie Zhang ◽  
Tao Feng ◽  
Jacob B Landis ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Aiping Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat Markers ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
Simple Sequence

Abstract In this study we aimed to delimit the boundaries of the Sibbaldia procumbens species complex, integrating morphological, geographical and molecular data at the population level. In total, 246 individuals were tested with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and individuals were classified into three clusters. Stable variation in the morphology of leaflets, episepal and achenes was found between individuals from eastern and western Tibet, and this corresponds to the observed genetic structure when K = 2. The combined analysis of morphology and SSRs suggests three species should be recognized in the complex in China (S. procumbens, S. cuneata and S. aphanopetala). The ranges of these three species are mostly geographically separate from each other. Sibbaldia aphanopetala has often been treated as a variety of S. procumbens, but here we restore it to species rank.

The apparent time construct

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Bailey ◽  
Tom Wikle ◽  
Jan Tillery ◽  
Lori Sand
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Atlas Data ◽  
Mitigating Factors ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Time Construct ◽  
Stable Variation

ABSTRACTThe use of apparent time differences to study language change in progress has been a basic analytical construct in quantitative sociolinguistics for over 30 years. The basic assumption underlying the construct is that, unless there is evidence to the contrary, differences among generations of similar adults mirror actual diachronic developments in a language: the speech of each generation is assumed to reflect the language more or less as it existed at the time when that generation learned the language. In providing a mirror of real time change, apparent time forms the basis of a conceptual framework for exploring language change in progress. However, the basic assumptions that underlie apparent time have never been fully tested. This article tests those assumptions by comparing apparent time data from two recent random sample telephone surveys of Texas speech with real time data from the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States, which was conducted some 15 years before the telephone surveys. The real time differences between the linguistic atlas data and the data from the telephone surveys provide strong support for the apparent time construct. Whenever apparent time data in the telephone surveys clearly suggest change in progress, the atlas data show substantially fewer innovative forms. Whenever the apparent time data suggest stable variation, the atlas data are virtually identical to that from the more recent surveys. Whenever the relationships between real and apparent time data are unclear, sorting out mitigating factors, such as nativity and subregional residence, clarifies and confirms the relationships. The results of our test of the apparent time construct suggest that it is unquestionably a valid and useful analytical tool.

Sorting Mechanism and Airflow Simulation of Garbage Pneumatic Separator

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
Wei Kang Li ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Xin Le Yang
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Mathematic Model ◽  
Flow Rule ◽  
Separation Mechanism ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Fluent Software ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
Back Mixing

In order to obtain flow rule and separation mechanism of garbage mixture particle in pneumatic separator, under the conditions of certain parameters and boundary, gas-solid two-phase flow mathematic model of garbage mixture particle was set up, FLUENT software was used to simulation and analyze the flow field of improved pneumatic separator, the separate track of particle in improved pneumatic separator was gained and performance of improved pneumatic separator was forecasted. Numerical simulation results show that the improved pneumatic separator has stable variation of pressure and velocity field. There not exist internal turbulence and back-mixing phenomenon and three particles with different qualities can be separated effectively. The numerical methods can be further optimized pneumatic separator and important theoretical foundation and technology method are provided for improving the structure and performance of pneumatic separator.

scholarly journals Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability across Vitis species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Reshef ◽  
Avinash Karn ◽  
David C. Manns ◽  
Anna Katharine Mansfield ◽  
Lance Cadle-Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Common Qtl ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Stable Variation

AbstractMalate is a major contributor to the sourness of grape berries (Vitis spp.) and their products, such as wine. Excessive malate at maturity, commonly observed in wild Vitis grapes, is detrimental to grape and wine quality and complicates the introgression of valuable disease resistance and cold hardy genes through breeding. This study investigated an interspecific Vitis family that exhibited strong and stable variation in malate at ripeness for five years and tested the separate contribution of accumulation, degradation, and dilution to malate concentration in ripe fruit in the last year of study. Genotyping was performed using transferable rhAmpSeq haplotype markers, based on the Vitis collinear core genome. Three significant QTL for ripe fruit malate on chromosomes 1, 7, and 17, accounted for over two-fold and 6.9 g/L differences in ripe fruit malate, and explained 40.6% of the phenotypic variation. QTL on chromosomes 7 and 17 were stable in all and in three out of five years, respectively. Variation in pre-veraison malate was the major contributor to variation in ripe fruit malate (39%) and their associated QTL overlapped on chromosome 7, indicating a common genetic basis. However, use of transferable markers on a closely related Vitis family did not yield a common QTL across families. This suggests that diverse physiological mechanisms regulate the levels of this key metabolite in the Vitis genus, a conclusion supported by a review of over a dozen publications from the past decade, showing malate-associated genetic loci on all 19 chromosomes.

scholarly journals Characterization of Mineral Macronutrients Kinetics During Faeces-Based Composting Process in Composting Toilets

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (36) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Effebi Kokoh Rose ◽  
Kouame Bene Lucien ◽  
Kouassi Yeboua Firmin ◽  
Kouadio Louis ◽  
Gone Droh Lancine
Keyword(s):  
Additional Time ◽  
Total N ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Composting Toilets ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
By Products

Given the environmental concerns and public health risks that could arise, the use of composting toilets by-products requires compliance with quality standards beforehand. However, such quality assessment is often lacking for those by-products in rapidly urbanizing sub-Saharan cities. This study examines the kinetics of major mineral nutrients [i.e., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are among the key indicators of a compost’s stability] during a composting process of fecal matters from composting toilets. The monitoring was carried out at Abobo-Sagbé, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire over a 4.5-month period. Feces-based compost data collected on 6 different dates (i.e., on the 28th , 48th , 62nd , 76th , 90th , and 133nd day from the start of the composting process) were analyzed, and screened for their contents in total N, total P and K. Results showed a rapid decrease of the content of all three elements during the first 29 days, followed by a sharp increase, especially for P and K, and then a quite stable variation during the last 2 months of the monitoring. Variations of C/N ratio during the study were similar to those reported previously. Although the proportions of P and K were satisfactory at the end of the monitoring period, the final C/N ratio was relatively high compared to suitable ratios characterizing mature composts, suggesting therefore additional time may be required before any use of the compost as fertilizer in agriculture.

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