On the Impact of French Subject Clitics on the Information Structure of the Sentence

2004 ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile de Cat
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Subject Clitics ◽  
The Impact

The role of information structure in the instantiation of objects: Evidence from Amazonian Spanish

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-245
Author(s):  
Rosa Vallejos ◽  
Evelyn Fernández-Lizárraga ◽  
Haley Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Null Objects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Activation Status

AbstractThis study analyzes the instantiation of objects in Peruvian Amazonian Spanish (PAS) discourse in two communities with distinct linguistic contexts. We examine the impact of two social variables (gender and place) and nine linguistic variables (transitivity, animacy, definiteness, anaphora function, anaphora expression, cataphora function, cataphora expression, activation, topic persistence) on the speech of eight participants. Our findings indicate that null instantiation in PAS is pervasive, occurring with a range of verb lexemes. While neither gender nor place are significant predictors of null objects, various linguistic variables contribute to the instantiation of objects. The five significant variables as determined by a mixed model regression analysis include the following: animacy, definiteness, anaphora expression, cataphora expression, and activation status. Several findings are consistent with previous research (e. g. human and definite referents disfavor null objects), while other results differ (e. g. PAS propositions disfavor null objects). Activation status and anaphora expression are the most significant predictors of null objects in PAS. In particular, highly accessible referents in discourse and anaphoric null objects favored null objects in subsequent clauses. Thus, the results in the present study demonstrate the pivotal role of information structure in object instantiation, furthering the discussion on syntax-discourse interplay phenomena.

scholarly journals Challenges in the work of intelligence services in the information age

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-161
Author(s):  
Milan Miljković
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
The Impact

The collection and analytical work of modern intelligence services faces numerous challenges because the environment in which the services operate is characterized by the need for rapid data collection, analysis and decision-making, almost in real time. When we consider security work, the growing dependence on modern information technology makes the information structure of services sensitive and "vulnerable" to information attacks. Also, the application of information operations as a form of performing secret actions has been updated. Information technology has also changed the relationship between the service and users, introduced the possibility of applying the "pull" architecture for obtaining information, which, in addition to the good sides, also brings certain challenges. Due to all the above, the intelligence services are adapting to the technological, organizational and cultural changes brought about by the information revolution. The paper reviews the challenges in the work of modern intelligence services, primarily from the aspect of the impact of mass application of modern information technology on operational and analytical work, as well as the application of secret actions in the work of services. The aim of this paper is to point out the numerous challenges that the information revolution brings to modern intelligence services. A comparative analysis of the presented research material leads to the conclusion that the services encounter new tasks and ways of functioning in all their activities, which ultimately raises the sensitive issue of their reform. The conclusion reached in this paper is that the reform of intelligence services in the "information age" is in any case necessary, but that its implementation should not be revolutionary, but must be carried out evolutionarily.

Contracts and Information Structure in a Supply Chain with Operations and Marketing Interaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad El Ouardighi ◽  
Gary Erickson ◽  
Dieter Grass ◽  
Steffen Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
The State ◽  
Current State ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Purchase Rate ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the paper is to study how wholesale price and revenue sharing contracts affect operations and marketing decisions in a supply chain under different dynamic informational structures. We suggest a differential game model of a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a single retailer that agree on the contract parameters at the outset of the game. The model includes key operational and marketing activities related to a single product in the supply chain. The manufacturer sets a production rate and the rate of advertising efforts while the retailer chooses a purchase rate and the consumer price. The state of the game is summarized in the firms’ backlogs and the manufacturer’s advertising goodwill. Depending on whether the supply chain members have and share state information, they may either make decisions contingent on the current state of the game (feedback Nash strategy), or precommit to a plan of action during the whole game (open-loop Nash strategy). Given a contract type, the impact of the availability of information regarding the state of the game on the firms’ decisions and payoffs is investigated. It is shown that double marginalization can be better mitigated if the supply chain members adopt a contingent strategy under a wholesale price contract and a commitment strategy under a revenue sharing contract.

A missing link - site resource inventories for the circular city

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gösta Baganz ◽  
Daniela Baganz ◽  
Georg Staaks ◽  
Werner Kloas
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Water Energy Nexus ◽  
Resource Inventory ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Data Source ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

<p>The concept of the circular city (CC) can be employed to mitigate the impact of the Food-Water-Energy Nexus on the environment at the local as well as the global level. The CC is based on circular economy (CE) ideas, where one of the key elements is coupling: unused and/or waste output of CE-entities can be used as input to other CE-entities. Due to the nature of some CE-entities, they need to be located in the proximity of other suitable CE-entities within the build environment.</p><p>Policies and strategies on the level of the EU, city, or district deliver an orientation; zoning law and building codes sets the legal frame when integrating a CE undertaking into the urban fabric. Based on the requirements of a planned CE-entity with a known configuration at a given location, comprehensive information is needed (1) on the infrastructure available, (2) where other usable CE-entities are situated, and (3) which qualities and respective quantities they offer. This may be, to name few, separate sewerage equipped buildings able to deliver grey water or facilities with excess heat on the output side; or entities which accept organic waste as input, e.g. biogas plants.</p><p>A site resource inventory using different data would unveil urban sources available on a given site to support business location decisions. One data source for a site resource inventory is the geodata infrastructure maintained by the authorities, e.g. the Berlin Geodata Portal. Information is centrally collected and published; but that comes with some restrictions: a rather fixed information structure, low update rate, and no means for user conducted error corrections. A further data source is volunteered geographic information as provided by OpenSteetMap (OSM), where every user can add and change content. OSM relies heavily on tags which describe specific features of map elements, but the standard tags of OSM are of only little use for the CC. Recently an ongoing project on OSM improve the semantic granularity by the introduction of specific CE-tags. This CE-project puts the main focus on locations. But there is further need for extending the range of the tags to enable CC siting by supporting attributes of CE-entities with regard to their material flows. </p><p>The CC food sector and likewise urban agriculture (UA) bears potential towards sustainability if resource efficient food production technologies are used as CE-entities such as aquaponics, the coupled production of fish and vegetables.</p><p>Agriculture In the rural environment often uses single-story buildings which are inappropriate in urban contexts where low land consumption is required. On the next level, the roofs, there is much unused space available but competing claims are made, such as green roofs, recreation, housing, thermal and photovoltaic solar use as well as UA solutions like greenhouses. Urban aquaponics as a CE-entity is used exemplarily to propose OSM tags which can evolve to a CE tagging system - thus manifesting a new geodata management approach for a circular city.</p>

scholarly journals Ekstraksi Informasi Semantik dan Spatiotemporal pada Artikel Online Terkait Bencana di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Ashr Hafiizh Tantri ◽  
Nur Aini Rakhmawati
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia is one country that has a high risk of natural disasters. Ranked in 36 out of 172 countries in disaster index and having 2,372 disaster incidents in 2017, actions need to be taken to minimize the impact of natural disasters. One of it is to do a hazard map modeling. In making hazard maps, several approaches can be used, one of which is the semantic approach to extract disaster information. Therefore, this study aims to develop a system that can be used to extract spatiotemporal and semantic information related to natural disasters in Indonesia. This study uses the NLP method in conducting the information extraction process and  carried out using the GATE (General Architecture for Text Engineering) application. In processing Indonesian language articles, it is necessary to develop the plugin because the Indonesian information structure is different from the default information structure in GATE application. The plugin development process is done by using ontology as the basis for determining semantic information. Literature study was carried out related to government regulations that further explained the need for semantic and spatiotemporal information about disaster events. system performance developed produces a precision value of 38% and a recall value of 32%. this is because the system experiences some difficulties in carrying out the information inference process. The reason for low precision rate is because the rules used in the inference process to pair the three types of information still cannot accommodate the variation of information positions in different sentences.

scholarly journals On word order variation and informationstructure in peninsular spanish and italian ‘why’-interrogatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. e021025
Author(s):  
Svenja Schmid ◽  
Klaus Von Heusinger ◽  
Georg A. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Word Order Variation ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Parallel Text ◽  
Peninsular Spanish ◽  
Structural Category ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we investigate the effect of information structure on word order in Italian and Peninsular Spanish ‘why’-interrogatives, and whether these two languages differ from each other. To this end, we conducted two empirical studies. In a parallel text corpus study, we compared the frequency of the word order patterns ‘why’SV and ‘why’VS, as well as the distribution of focal and non-focal subjects in the two languages. In order to get a deeper understanding of the impact of the information structural categories focus and givenness on word order in ‘why’-interrogatives, we conducted a forced-choice experiment. The results indicate that word order is affected by focus in Italian, while it is not determined by any information structural category in Peninsular Spanish. We show that Italian and Peninsular Spanish ‘why’-interrogatives differ from each other in two ways. First, non-focal subjects occur preverbally in Italian, while they occupy the postverbal position in Peninsular Spanish. Second, Italian reveals a lower level of optionality with respect to word order patterns. Even though we find a high preference for the postverbal position in Peninsular Spanish, we argue that this limitation is related to a higher flexibility regarding word order in Peninsular Spanish than in Italian which does not allows for ‘why’VSO in contrast to Peninsular Spanish.

scholarly journals Locality and Expectation Effects in Hindi Preverbal Constituent Ordering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidharth Ranjan ◽  
Rajakrishnan Rajkumar ◽  
Sumeet Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Information Status ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Constituent Ordering

We investigate the relative impact of two influential theories of language comprehension, viz., Dependency Locality Theory(Gibson 2000; DLT) and Surprisal Theory (Hale 2001, Levy 2008), on preverbal constituent ordering in Hindi, a predominantly SOV language with flexibleword order. Prior work in Hindi has shown that word order scrambling is influenced by information structure constraints in discourse. However, the impact of cognitively grounded factors on Hindi constituent ordering is relatively underexplored. We test the hypothesis that dependency length minimization is a significant predictor of syntactic choice, once information status and surprisal measures (estimated from n-gram i.e., trigram and incremental dependency parsing models) have been added to a machine learning model. Towards this end, we setup a framework to generate meaning-equivalent grammatical variants of Hindi sentences by linearizing preverbal constituents of projective dependency trees in the Hindi-Urdu Treebank (HUTB) corpus of written text. Our results indicate that dependency length displays a weak effect in predicting reference sentences (amidst variants) over and above the aforementioned predictors. Overall, trigram surprisal outperforms dependency length and parser surprisal by a huge margin and our analyses indicate that maximizing lexical predictability is the primary driving force behind preverbal constituent ordering choices in Hindi. The success of trigram surprisal notwithstanding, dependency length minimization predicts non-canonical reference sentences having fronted direct objects over variants containing the canonical word order, cases where surprisal estimatesfail due to their bias towards frequent structures and word sequences. Locality effects persist over the Given-New preference of subject-object ordering in Hindi. Accessibility and local statistical biases discussed in the sentence processing literature are plausible explanations for the success of trigram surprisal. Further, we conjecture that the presence of case markers is a strong factor potentially overriding the pressure for dependency length minimization in Hindi. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for the information locality hypothesis and theories of language production.

scholarly journals TEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Herlyn Triastika
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Cohesive Devices ◽  
New Information ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to determine textual equivalence in the translation of scientific texts in English into Indonesian in depth. This study used a qualitative approach using the content analysis method. The data to the analysis performed in this study based on the six-step qualitative research developed by Myring. The findings in this study indicate that: (1) The equivalence of thematic structure contained in the translation of textbooks Approaches to Discourse into Indonesian is the equivalence on the pattern/ thematic arrangement of the unmarked theme and a simple theme/topical theme, (2) the information structure equivalence Between source text (ST) and target text (TT) is the equivalence in the form of organization of given and new information. (3) Equivalence in the cohesive devices translation is found in the use of grammatical cohesive devices, (4) The translation method used is the literal translation, (5) The discovered distortion was fully related to the aspects of semantics and linguistic equivalents, (6) The factors causing distortion are the translators’ skills and competencies, (7) The impact inflicted by the various distortion in the target text (TT) is that the translation readersgetdifferent messages from the message of source text (ST).

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