Velar variation in French

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Berns
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
History Of

It is commonly noted that French velar plosives tend to take a fronted realization when followed by a front vowel. These observations are generally not accompanied by representative data, and consequently, little is known about the actual characteristics and spread of the phenomenon. This study provides a corpus analysis of velar palatalization in contemporary French, and addresses the potential linguistic and sociolinguistic factors involved. Moreover, the synchronic results are considered in the light of the palatalization processes that took place in the history of French.

The history of the quasi-auxiliary use(d) to

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Neels
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aspect Marker ◽  
Feeding Process ◽  
Discourse Frequency ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

This article is a corpus-based study on the grammaticalization of the quasi-auxiliary use(d) to. It describes and seeks to explain the historical process whereby use(d) to, starting from the Middle English source construction use ‘be in the habit of’ + to + verb, grammaticalized into a habitual aspect marker with idiosyncratic morphosyntactic properties. A detailed corpus study is presented, based on four historical English corpora, which together cover a time period from 1410 to 2009. The results of the corpus analysis are interpreted within the theoretical framework of usage-based grammar, with the aim of uncovering the mechanisms that propelled the gradual grammaticalization of use(d) to on the semantic, morphological, syntactic and phonological dimensions. Among the underlying mechanisms and processes identified are semantic generalization via host-class expansion and habituation, pragmatic enrichment, analogy, chunking, loss of analyzability and internal structure, as well as phonological reduction through neuromotor automation. Supported by the quantitative empirical evidence from the corpus analysis and drawing on findings from usage-based research on language change, the present study depicts the grammaticalization of use(d) to as a self-feeding process driven by frequency effects, i.e. by the effects that the increasingly high discourse frequency of the use(d) to construction had on its cognitive representation.

scholarly journals Lost in Translation – Typographic variation in loanword surrounded punctuation positions

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-343
Author(s):  
Paul Rössler
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Punctuation Mark ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lost In Translation ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Abstract In German printings of the early 18th century, the shift from the hitherto dominant sentence-dividing punctuation mark, the virgule, to the comma, takes place astonishingly rapidly. It is also astonishing that until recently, research has barely devoted itself to this phenomenon, even though it is at least a turning point in the history of the highest-frequency punctuation mark in German writing. The paper examines to what extent the transition from the use of the virgule to the comma is carried out in a phase-specific manner. Previous samples have indicated the influence of the font choice on the choice of punctuation: Printers or typesetters in the early 18th century set the comma especially in the environment of the Antiqua script, which is used to graphically label non-native words or syntagms. Is this a kind of “gateway” to the comma? By means of a corpus analysis in micro-diachronic sections, the status of the virgule/comma variation will be associated with the typographic variation in terms of the use of Latin Antiqua type and the German type.

scholarly journals The history of very: the directionality of functional shift and (inter)subjectification

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
TINE BREBAN ◽  
KRISTIN DAVIDSE
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Paradigm Case ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Functional Shift ◽  
General Semantic ◽  
English Noun

On the basis of extensive corpus analysis, we reconstruct the history of very and the paths of change along which it acquired new meanings. We propose an analytical model that, firstly, assigns general semantic functions to the (sub)modifier relations in the English noun phrase and, secondly, identifies subsenses of these functions on the basis of collocational, semantic and pragmatic distinctions observed in different contexts. Thus, we arrive at a comprehensive description of the various (sub)modifier relations in which very has functioned in its history. Having been borrowed into English as part of fixed collocations such as very Ihus (‘the true Jesus’) and croice verra (‘the true cross’), very successively acquired the functions of descriptive modifier, noun-intensifier, focus marker, adjective-intensifier, classifier, postdeterminer-intensifier, quantifier-intensifier and postdeterminer. This description allows us to interpret the history of very as a paradigm case of progressive grammaticalization and (inter)subjectification involving leftward movement in the English NP (Adamson 2000). Our analytical model allows us to capture finer mechanisms of change such as collocational extension, pragmatically driven host class expansion, invited inferences and analogy.

scholarly journals Educar para a sustentabilidade: Administração Pública Federal Brasileira em foco

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananélia Meireles Dubois ◽  
Andreia Pereira Silverio ◽  
Luiz Caldeira Brant de Tolentino-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
The State ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Descriptive Case Study ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Estudio De Caso

O artigo, por meio de estudo de caso exploratório e descritivo, apresenta o modo de implementação da sustentabilidade nas compras públicas de papel de três organizações públicas federais, e indica o caráter distintivo da educação nesse processo. É contextualizado o histórico da inserção do conceito nas discussões globais, e a importância da participação do Estado como indutor de novos padrões de consumo para a sustentabilidade. O arcabouço legal expõe sustentação normativa para as compras públicas. No entanto, o tratamento conceitual da sustentabilidade é referenciado como um dos obstáculos para a sua inserção efetiva nas compras públicas. A relevância do trabalho está na consideração de dados representativos do cotidiano organizacional público. Esses dados são indicativos da necessidade de uma educação participativa. The present article, through exploratory and descriptive case study, presents the means of implementation of sustainability in public acquisitions fro paper in three federal civil organizations, and indicates the distinctive character of education in the process. The history of insertion of that concept in global discussions is contextualized, as well as the importance of the State as a model for new standards in consumption. The legal background establishes directives for public purchases. However, the conceptual treatment of sustainability is referenced as an obstacle to its effective insertion in public purchases. The work’s relevance lies in the consideration of representative data from the routine of public organizations. These data are indicative of need for a participative education. El artículo, por medio de estudio de caso exploratorio y descriptivo, presenta el modo de implementación de la sostenibilidad en las compras públicas de papel de tres organizaciones públicas federales, y indica el carácter distintivo de la educación en ese proceso. Es contextualizado el histórico de la inserción del concepto en las discusiones globales, y la importancia del Estado como inductor de nuevos patrones de consumo para la sostenibilidad. El marco legal presentado expone sustentación normativa para las compras públicas. Sin embargo, el trato conceptual de la sostenibilidad es referenciado como uno de los obstáculos para su inserción en las compras públicas. La relevancia del trabajo está en la consideración de datos representativos del cotidiano organizacional público. Estos datos son indicativos de la necesidad de una educación participativa.

Viscosity of Dental Porcelain as a Function of Temperature

1979 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 2001-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Bertolotti ◽  
J.E. Shelby
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Temperature Interval ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Viscosity Measurement ◽  
Thermal Expansion Mismatch ◽  
Small Temperature ◽  
Dental Porcelain ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
History Of

A method for viscosity measurement is described and representative data are given for opaque, gingival, and incisal porcelains. The significance of viscosity in annealing and in stress development due to thermal expansion mismatch is discussed. Thermal history of the porcelain is shown to be important only over a relatively small temperature interval in affecting residual stresses.

scholarly journals Historical perspective on the word gospoda as a form of address

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
A.A. Somin ◽  
E.M. Gridneva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
History Of

Using the method of corpus analysis, this article explores the history of the Russian hon­orific gospoda and related forms of address: damy i gospoda, gospoda-tovarischi, and other noun-noun and adjective-noun collocations (gospoda publika uvažaemye gospoda). It draws on examples from literature to demonstrate that although, contrary to popular belief, the honorific damy i gospoda is not a neologism of the end of the 20th century, it was mar­ginal to pre-revolutionary speech. It is also shown that, albeit rarely, the word gospoda was used before the Russian Revolution to address a mixed company. Abandoned after the Revolu­tion, the honorific underwent a revival in the second half of the 20th century when it was used more often to address a mixed company than it had been in tsarist times. Probably, this was accounted for by extra-linguistic factors. Special attention is given to the use of the honorific gospoda in periods of transition: at the beginning and end of the Soviet era and after the collapse of the USSR.

On the role of vowel duration in the New Zealand English front vowel shift

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Langstrof
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vowel Shift

AbstractThis article investigates the role of vowel duration in the front vowel system of New Zealand English (NZE), drawing on data obtained from speakers born between the 1890s and the 1930s. After providing a brief overview of the history of short vowels in NZE, a comprehensive analysis of front vowel duration in conjunction with a number of earlier results from formant frequency measurements will be presented. It will be shown that the front vowel system of NZE shows interaction between vowel duration and formant frequency. A number of implications that follow from these patterns for the front vowel system of NZE will be discussed. It will be argued that it is reasonable to divide up the class of short front vowels in NZE into a short set (consisting only of one vowel) and a “not-so-short set.” In addition, it will be concluded that phonological class membership is irrelevant to making generalizations over patterns of movements in vowel change.

scholarly journals Clitic-verb non-adjacency and the inertial theory of grammatical change: evidence from the history of European Portuguese

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Nkollo
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Significant Frequency ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grammatical Change ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Precise Role

Abstract Although clitic-verb non-adjacency is a minor linear pattern in contemporary European Portuguese (EP), it showed a significant frequency in the Classical and early Modern eras. The aims of the study are twofold. First, an attempt is made to pinpoint the contribution of the cl-X-verb model to the non-morphological attachment of proclitics to their verbal hosts in present-day EP. By means of a corpus analysis conducted in the 17th through 19th century texts, clitic-verb non-adjacency is demonstrated to have helped eliminate clitic -specific allomorphy in the preverbal domain. Its precise role consisted in preventing proclitics from being integrated into their hosts. The second aim is to see how this diagnosis fits in with the inertial model of grammatical change. In line with Longobardi’s proposal (2001), innovation in the syntactic processing of preverbal pronouns is claimed to have come about as a side-effect of the changes in more peripheral modules of grammar, i.e. in phonology and morphology.

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