An acquisitional approach to disharmonic word-order/affixation pairings

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fortescue ◽  
J. Lachlan Mackenzie

Various proposals have been put forward to explain the typological skewing produced by the universal preference for suffixing as opposed to prefixing. These proposals have focused either on processing or on diachronic explanations (or a combination of both). In the present paper it is argued that a developmental approach is more comprehensive than either of these. It can explain exceptions from typologically universal tendencies as well as the tendencies themselves in terms of alternative ways of balancing off basic acquisitional principles involved already at the holophrastic stage of development. The long-term stability of certaina priori‘disharmonic’ or unusual combinations of features is emphasised. What is needed to give support to the model is data from the acquisition of languages with rich morphologies. The available data is examined for evidence and a framework is proposed as a guide to future investigations.

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Linda Barelli ◽  
Gianni Bidini ◽  
Dario Pelosi ◽  
Elena Sisani

Because of environmental concerns, there is a growing interest in new ways to produce green energy. Among the several studied applications, enzymatic biofuel cells can be considered as a promising solution to generate electricity from biological catalytic reactions. Indeed, enzymes show very good results as biocatalysts thanks to their excellent intrinsic properties, such as specificity toward substrate, high catalytic activity with low overvoltage for substrate conversion, mild operating conditions like ambient temperature and near-neutral pH. Furthermore, enzymes present low cost, renewability and biodegradability. The wide range of applications moves from miniaturized portable electronic equipment and sensors to integrated lab-on-chip power supplies, advanced in vivo diagnostic medical devices to wearable devices. Nevertheless, enzymatic biofuel cells show great concerns in terms of long-term stability and high power output nowadays, highlighting that this particular technology is still at early stage of development. The main aim of this review concerns the performance assessment of enzymatic biofuel cells based on flow designs, considered to be of great interest for powering biosensors and wearable devices. Different enzymatic flow cell designs are presented and analyzed highlighting the achieved performances in terms of power output and long-term stability and emphasizing new promising fabrication methods both for electrodes and cells.


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