Loud Calls of the Yellow-Bellied Glider, Petaurus-Australis - Territorial Behavior by an Arboreal Marsupial

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Insufficient Data ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
The Core ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Petaurus Australis ◽  
Territorial Function ◽  
Intergroup Spacing

The yellow-bellied glider, Petaurus australis, is possibly the most vocal of all marsupials but little attention has been given to the functional significance of its calling behaviour. This study describes various traits of the calling behaviour and examines their significance. The traits were: (i) calling occurred throughout the night but was more frequent in the first 3 h of activity; (ii) calling frequency was significantly greater near the boundary (9.1 calls per 30 min) rather than the core (2 calls per 30 min) of glider home ranges; (iii) calling and gliding were highly correlated; (iv) calling rate was influenced by a glider's feeding behaviour; and (v) experimental playback of calls (simulating an intruder) resulted in calling rates by gliders that were significantly higher after the playback (6.3 calls per 15 min) than before the playback (2.8 calls per 15 min). Gliders approached the area of playback in 50% of tests; in one instance from a distance of 200 m. Assessment of the calling behaviour of gliders, by reference to seven functions proposed for loud calls of primates, indicates that the most likely function of calls is to mediate intergroup spacing. The traits of the calling behaviour, together with the observation that glider home ranges are virtually exclusive of those of neighbouring groups, suggest that calls serve a territorial function. The use of vocalisations appears to be the most effective method for advertising territories, which commonly exceed 50 ha. A review of the use of loud calls by other species of arboreal marsupial showed that at present there are insufficient data to enable an adequate assessment of the function of loud calls among these species.

Individual Recognition, Intragroup Cohesion and Intergroup Spacing: Evidence From Sound Playback To Forest Monkeys

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Waser
Keyword(s):  
Individual Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Individual Distinctiveness ◽  
Black And White Colobus ◽  
Intergroup Spacing

AbstractThe contexts and functions of several loud mangabey vocalizations, particularly the "whoopgobble", were investigated observationally and experimentally. Whoopgobbles are notable for their audibility and distinctiveness over long distances, their temporal pattern of delivery, and particularly their stereotypy and individual distinctiveness. On the other hand, contexts of and responses to these vocalizations are variable and sometimes nonobvious. In order to control context and more systematically investigate response, an experimental method involving playback of recorded vocalizations was developed. Although precautions against habituation were necessary, mangabey responses to playbacks were clearcut and repeatable. Answering vocalizations, changes in group movement, and changes in the dispersion of individuals within a group occurred only in response to mangabey vocalizations. Whoopgobble playbacks provoked a pattern of response, including most notably the rapid approach of one adult male (the "RA" male) from each group, which was specific to this call. Playback of whoopgobbles between 100 and 600m from mangabey groups indicated that this call does transmit information regarding the identity of the vocalizing individual and group over these distances. Test groups moved away from neighboring- and unknown-group calls, but towards those of their own males - particularly those of RA males. RA males, on the other hand, do not approach calls of other males from their own groups. Within a group, whoopgobbles may thus increase cohesion and influence the direction of movements. Characteristics of whoopgobble form and context are discussed with regard to hypothesized functions of these and other forest monkey loud calls. Responses by free-ranging mangabeys to playback of the whoopgobble confirm its role in maintaining distance between groups. Response was found to be independent of group size, despite the fact that whoopgobble rate is closely related to this variable and thus could transmit such information. Since responses were also found to be independent of location within the home range, intergroup spacing among mangabeys appears not be be "territorial", site defense does not occur. Nevertheless, the central areas in at least some mangabey groups' home ranges were never penetrated by neighbors. Playback tests with black-and-white colobus and blue monkeys, among which territorial spacing has been reported, indicate that responses to loud calls have some degree of site-specificity among these species. But the mangabey pattern of intergroup spacing appears to result from a combination of low group density, site attachment within groups, and site-independent avoidance between groups. These results emphasize that spacing "system" and "pattern" are not necessarily equivalent; a given set of spacing behaviors can result in different spacing patterns under different ecological conditions, while a given pattern may be obtained by any of several behavioral means. Evidence for site-independent spacing in other primate species is discussed.

Feeding behaviour of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) at the western edge of its range

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Carthew ◽  
Ross L. Goldingay ◽  
Darryl L. Funnell
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
South West ◽  
Petaurus Australis ◽  
Important Food Item

This study provides the first assessment of the diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) in the south-west portion of its range near the Victorian–South Australian border. Examining its diet in this region is viewed as being fundamental to understanding the ecological requirements of the species. Observations were conducted over a five-year period on gliders from five distinct groups. Sap was the most important food item throughout the year and accounted for 83% of 407 feeding observations. Each group of gliders used up to 21 different trees for sap, but during any sample period only 1–8 trees were used. This represents a vastly different pattern of use of sap trees to that described in any earlier study. Some trees were visited more often than others, and these tended to be heavily scarred, indicating use over many years. Other food types were arthropods and honeydew and, to a lesser extent, nectar. This study also revealed that the yellow- bellied glider is not dependent on a diversity of tree species nor on a winter-flowering species. We provide a review of the diet of the yellow-bellied glider throughout its range. This shows that the yellow-bellied glider is reliant on sap as a food resource but particularly so at both ends of its geographic range. The reason for this is unclear, but there is definitely a need for further study of sap-flow patterns in eucalypts.

scholarly journals Module organizational principles and dynamics in biological networks

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Yu Lin ◽  
Tsai-ling Lee ◽  
Yi-Wei Lin ◽  
Yu-Shu Lo ◽  
Chih-Ta Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Biological Networks ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Interface Evolution ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Proteins ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Organizational Principles

AbstractA module is a group of closely related proteins that act in concert to perform specific biological functions through protein–protein interactions (PPIs) that occur in time and space. However, the underlying organizational principles of a module remain unclear. In this study, we collected CORUM module templates to infer respective module families, including 58,041 homologous modules in 1,678 species, and PPI families using searches of complete genomic database. We then derived PPI evolution scores (PPIES) and interface evolution scores (IES) to infer module elements, including core and ring components. Functions of core components were highly correlated (Pearson’s r = 0.98) with those of 11,384 essential genes. In comparison with ring components, core proteins and PPIs were conserved in multiple species. Subsequently, protein dynamics and module dynamics of biological networks and functional diversities confirmed that core components form dynamic biological network hubs and play key roles in various biological functions. PPIES and IES can reflect module organization principles and protein/module dynamics in biological networks. On the basis of the analyses of gene essentiality, module dynamics, network topology, and gene co-expression, the module organizational principles can be described as follows: 1) a module consists of core and ring components; 2) the core components play major roles in biological functions and collaborate with ring components to perform certain functions in some cases; 3) the core components are conserved and essential in module dynamics in time and space.

scholarly journals Spatial mapping shows that some African elephants use cognitive maps to navigate the core but not the periphery of their home ranges

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Presotto ◽  
Richard Fayrer-Hosken ◽  
Caitlin Curry ◽  
Marguerite Madden
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Spatial Mapping ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
The Core

Home-Range Size and Fidelity of Western Grey Kangaroos (Macropus Fuliginosus) Living in Remnants of Wandoo Woodland and Adjacent Farmland.

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
DE Steven ◽  
A Grassia ◽  
J Weeldenburg
Keyword(s):  
Home Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
The Core ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Eucalyptus Wandoo ◽  
Older Males

The home ranges were studied from 1977 to 1981 of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) living in a 300-ha remnant of wandoo [Eucalyptus wandoo] surrounded by farmland at Baker's Hill, Western Australia. The M. fuliginosus population varied from 140 to 200 animals during the study. In 1979, four females (>30 kg) and 2 adult males (31 kg and 47 kg) were fitted with radio-transmitters and their movements recorded. The home ranges of these animals varied from 39 to 70 ha; the average overlap in the area used during the day and that used at night was 16.4%. Many of the kangaroos fed on farmland at night. The night ranges of 51 marked kangaroos were recorded using a spotlight. The animals showed a strong fidelity to their home ranges. Only 3 males (about 5-yr-old) shifted their night ranges; the centres of the ranges moved only 600-800 m. Older males had significantly larger night ranges than younger males and females. Individual females and the younger males showed preferences for using particular access points to get onto farmland; the older males showed no preferences. The core areas of the night ranges of many adult females overlapped closely in 'groups', but there was no evidence of 'mob' home ranges that were socially separated.

scholarly journals Calling patterns of Western purple-faced langurs (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidea: Trachypithecus vetulus nestor) in a degraded human landscape in Sri Lanka

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Eschmann ◽  
R. Moore ◽  
K.A.I. Nekaris
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Calling Patterns ◽  
The Impact

The study of calling patterns is a useful non-invasive method for determining population densities and the taxonomic relationships of rare or cryptic animal species. The Western purple-faced langur Trachypithecus vetulus nestor, endemic to Sri Lanka’s lowland rainforests, is severely impacted by forest fragmentation, with most remaining populations living almost completely in home gardens. Due to their shy nature, little is known about the behaviour of this subspecies; analysing the regular loud calls emitted by these langurs could allow for improvement of census techniques, clarification of their taxonomy, and an understanding of the impact of forest destruction on their behaviour. In 2007, we recorded the calling patterns of five male T. v. nestor at Talangama Wetlands. Time, duration, weather conditions, and stimulant of 253 calls were noted. Loud calls comprised three structural units: harsh barks, whoops and residuals. The average call contained 4 phrases and 3.8 residuals, was 38 seconds in length, had an average maximum frequency of 3.5 kHz, a formant frequency of 0.36 kHz, and a fundamental frequency of 0.2 kHz. Significant differences were found between individuals for the number of phrases and residuals within a call, two different phrase lengths, the formant frequency and the fundamental frequency. The earliest call occurred at 05:27 hrs, while the latest was made at 17:57 hrs. The greatest percentage of calls (73.5%) was heard in the morning (05:00-09:59 hrs), mostly stimulated by territorial battles with neighbouring troops. These results show that vocalisations can be used to distinguish individual males; as langurs are more often heard than seen, and most troops contain only a single adult male, vocalisations may be used to determine the number of troops in an area. Calls of this taxon also differed from the other subspecies, suggesting that they may be used to distinguish subspecies and their boundaries. Finally, calling behaviour differed from other subspecies. Deforestation may be a direct cause of different calling patterns. These baseline data form a valuable starting point for further studies of this Critically Endangered primate.

Home-range estimates and habitat of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) at Waratah Creek, New South Wales

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Goldingay ◽  
RP Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
The Body ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Minimum Convex Polygon ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Eucalyptus Ovata ◽  
Petaurus Australis

The yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis), the largest of the exudivorous marsupials, lives in small family groupings and occupies virtually exclusive home ranges. A variety of estimation techniques were used to determine the home-range area of five glider groups. Two sets of data were analysed for each glider group; one included the locations of all observations while the other utilised a subset considered to represent independent observations based on a 3-h interval between consecutive locations. The techniques favoured for estimating home-range area, minimum convex polygon (MCP) and 95% isopleth of the harmonic mean (95% HM), gave mean values of 59 ha and 46 ha, respectively, when all data were included. These values were 28% and 14% larger, respectively, than those estimated with independent data. An extrapolation that accounted for the influence of the number of locations on the area estimated gave a mean MCP value of 63 ha for the five groups. This value was compared with estimates for other exudivorous mammals and is much greater than that predicted from the body weight of this species. The home ranges (defined by the 95% HM) of the five glider groups included different proportions of the seven forest types available in the study area. The forest type in which Eucalyptus ovata predominated was identified as a key habitat. It was the least abundant yet was included in all five home ranges, unlike several of the more abundant forest types which were absent from some home ranges. The above results are discussed in relation to forest management and conservation.

scholarly journals KONSEP MANUSIA DAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM PERSEPEKTIF PSIKOLOGI TRANSPERSONAL DAN ISLAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Pasiska Pasiska
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Transpersonal Psychology ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Core Concept ◽  
The Core ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Psychological Concepts

This paper analyzes more deeply on how transpersonal psychology is one of  the fields in psychology that integrates psychological concepts, theories, and methods with spiritual wealth from various cultures and religions. The core concept of  transpersonal psychology is nonduality, the knowledge that each part of  human is part of  the whole universe. Cosmic union that sees everything as a whole. Transpersonal psychology focuses more on spiritual or transcendental aspects of  humans. Further, the transpersonal in the Islamic concept is more optimizing human potential for values   to Godhead, which is done by Sufi as an effort to find out a way to God, starting from tobat, zuhud, ridha, tawadhu, mahabbah and ma’rifah as the manifestations of  an optimization of  Godhead values   in human beings. The transpersonal psychology aspect is highly correlated with Islam particularly in the field of  mental illness healing which is done through salat, fasting, dzikir (remembering God), doa (praying), and hajj (pilgrimage).AbstrakArtikel ini mengungkap lebih dalam bagaimana psikologi transpersonal sebagai salah satu bidang psikologi yang mengintegrasikan konsep, teori, dan metode psikologi dengan kekayaan spritual dari bermacam-macam budaya dan agama. Konsep inti dari psikologi transpersonal adalah non-dualitas (nonduality), suatu pengetahuan bahwa tiap-tiap bagian (manusia) adalah bagian dari keseluruhan alam semesta. Penyatuan kosmis yang memandang segala-galanya sebagai satu kesatuan. Psikologi transpersonal lebih menitikberatkan pada aspek-aspek spiritual atau transendental dalam diri manusia. Kemudian transpersonal dalam konsep Islam lebih optimalisasi potensi manusia terhadap nilai-nilai Ketuhanannya, yang dilakukan dikalangan sufi dalam upaya menemukan jalan menuju kepada Tuhan, dimulai dari tobat, zuhud, ridha, tawadhu, mahabbah dan ma’rifah yang mana manifestasi dari hal tersebut ialah optimalisasi nilai-nilai Ketuhanan dalam diri manusia. Aspek psikologi transpersonal yang sangat berkeorelasi dalam Islam khususnya dalam bidang penyembuhan penyakit mental ialah melalui sholat, puasa, dzikir, doa,dan haji.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota May Underlie the Predisposition of Healthy Individuals to COVID-19-Sensitive Proteomic Biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanglong Gou ◽  
Yuanqing Fu ◽  
Liang Yue ◽  
Geng-dong Chen ◽  
Xue Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
The Core ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Metabolomics Analysis

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading globally with high disparity in the susceptibility of the disease severity. Identification of the key underlying factors for this disparity is highly warranted. Results: Here we describe constructing a proteomic risk score (PRS) based on 20 blood proteomic biomarkers which related to the progression to severe COVID-19. Among COVID-19 patients, per 10% increment in the PRS was associated with a 57% higher risk of progressing to clinically severe phase (RR=1.57; 95% CI, 1.35-1.82). We demonstrate that in our own cohort of 990 individuals without infection, this proteomic risk score is positively associated with proinflammatory cytokines mainly among older, but not younger, individuals. We further discovered that a core set of gut microbiota could accurately predict the blood proteomic biomarkers of COVID-19 using a machine learning model. The core OTU-predicted PRS had a significant correlation with actual PRS both cross-sectionally (n=132, p<0.001) and prospectively (n=169, p<0.05). Most of the core OTUs were highly correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal metabolomics analysis suggested potential amino acid-related pathways linking the above core gut microbiota to inflammation.Conclusions: Our study suggests that gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19-sensitive proteomic biomarkers.

Social Organization, Reproduction and Feeding Behaviour of a Population of Yellow-Bellied Gliders, Petaurus Australis (Marsupialia: Petauridae).

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Craig
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Monogamous Relationship ◽  
Home Area ◽  
Stable Family ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Petaurus Australis

Population dynamics, habitat use and feeding behaviour in a small population of P. australis were studied in 190 ha of Tall Open Forest in the Victorian Central Highlands. Between October 1979 and December 1982, 13 marked individuals were trapped on 71 occasions during 1223 trap-nights. Gliders formed relatively stable family groups, each comprising a single resident pair living in a monogamous relationship with or without dependent offspring. They bred between August and October. Four females were observed with a single pouch young. Each pair occupied substantially separate ranges of between 30 and 55 ha. The maximum number of individuals estimated to be present during any month was eight. Den hollows were located only in living trees and one family group of three individuals used at least eight den trees within their home area. All sap-site trees were located mid-slope and were used mainly during the winter-spring months. Analysis of faeces and direct observation of feeding animals indicated that the bulk of this glider's diet is made up of arthropods, supplemented with insect and plant exudates. Some management implications, based on the life-history requirements of this glider, are discussed.

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