Enzyme-Activities Associated With Salivary-Glands of the Froghopper Eoscarta-Carnifex (F) (Homoptera, Cercopoidae) - Possible Role of Salivary Catalase in Phytotoxicity

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Rodman ◽  
DJ Miller
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
New World ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Injury Response ◽  
Plant Peroxidase ◽  
Major Injury ◽  
Plant Injury

'Froghopper blight', systemic damage caused by an unidentified toxin in the saliva of various homopterans (superfamily Cercopoidea), is responsible for massive yield losses in many sugarcane-growing areas of the New World. The nature of the toxin remains unclear. In addition to lipases and several glycosidases, extracts of salivary glands of the Australian froghopper Eoscarta carnifex (F.) were found to contain high levels of catalase. The insect catalase was shown to inhibit plant peroxidase in vitro; peroxidases are induced by wounding and are central to many of the major injury responses of the plant. We hypothesise that the role of the salivary catalase in E. carnifex may be in scavenging peroxide, thus suppressing the plant injury response.

Heparan sulfate side chains have a critical role in the inhibitory effects of perlecan on vascular smooth muscle cell response to arterial injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (3) ◽  
pp. H337-H345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Gotha ◽  
Sang Yup Lim ◽  
Azriel B. Osherov ◽  
Rafael Wolff ◽  
Beiping Qiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Arterial Injury ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Injury Response ◽  
Migratory Response

Perlecan is a proteoglycan composed of a 470-kDa core protein linked to three heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains. The intact proteoglycan inhibits the smooth muscle cell (SMC) response to vascular injury. Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 (MΔ3/Δ3) mice produce a mutant perlecan lacking the HS side chains. The objective of this study was to determine differences between these two types of perlecan in modifying SMC activities to the arterial injury response, in order to define the specific role of the HS side chains. In vitro proliferative and migratory activities were compared in SMC isolated from MΔ3/Δ3 and wild-type mice. Proliferation of MΔ3/Δ3 SMC was 1.5× greater than in wild type ( P < 0.001), increased by addition of growth factors, and showed a 42% greater migratory response than wild-type cells to PDGF-BB ( P < 0.001). In MΔ3/Δ3 SMC adhesion to fibronectin, and collagen types I and IV was significantly greater than wild type. Addition of DRL-12582, an inducer of perlecan expression, decreased proliferation and migratory response to PDGF-BB stimulation in wild-type SMC compared with MΔ3/Δ3. In an in vivo carotid artery wire injury model, the medial thickness, medial area/lumen ratio, and macrophage infiltration were significantly increased in the MΔ3/Δ3 mice, indicating a prominent role of the HS side chain in limiting vascular injury response. Mutant perlecan that lacks HS side chains had a marked reduction in the inhibition of in vitro SMC function and the in vivo arterial response to injury, indicating the critical role of HS side chains in perlecan function in the vessel wall.

STEROID METABOLISM IN KIDNEY TISSUE

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Huhtaniemi ◽  
R. Vihko
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Steroid Metabolism ◽  
Foetal Kidney

ABSTRACT The endogenous neutral steroids in early and mid-term (gestational age 10-14 weeks) human foetal kidneys were investigated. Fractions of unconjugated and mono- and disulphated neutral steroids were studied separately. No unconjugated compounds were detected, but the following steroid monosulphates were found: dehydroepiandrosterone, 5-androstene3β,17α-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 16β-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 3β,17β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one, pregnenolone, 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol, 16α-hydroxypregnenolone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone. In addition, the following compounds were present, as disulphates: 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol and 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol. Quantitatively, dehydroepiandrosterone, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone in the monosulphate fraction and 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol in the disulphate fraction were the main steroids found. Furthermore, in vitro incubations with minced or homogenized foetal kidney tissue demonstrated the following enzyme activities: 16α-hydroxylase, 17β-reductase, 20α-reductase and sulphokinase. In the incubations, dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and their sulphate conjugates were used as substrates. The role of the foetal kidneys in the metabolism of neutral steroids during early and mid-pregnancy is discussed.

METABOLISM OF ANDROGENS IN VITRO BY HUMAN FOETAL SKIN

1976 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. SHARP ◽  
J. B. HAY ◽  
M. B. HODGINS
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Isomerase Activity ◽  
Human Foetuses

SUMMARY Fresh scalp, genital, chest and axillary skin from human foetuses of 12–41 weeks' maturity was incubated in Krebs' improved Ringer I medium with [7α-3H]dehydroepiandrosterone, [7α-3H]testosterone and [7α-3H]androstenedione. The metabolites identified were androstenedione, 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, androsterone, 3-epiandrosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol and testosterone. The results provide evidence for the presence of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Δ4–5 isomerase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Δ4-3-oxosteroid-5α-reductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human foetal skin. There were quantitative differences in the various enzyme activities between different body sites and skin specimens of different gestational age. 5α-Reductase activity was particularly high in genital skin. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Δ4–5 isomerase activity was low in skin from a 12-week foetus, but high in skin specimens from 28-, 38- and 41-week foetuses. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was already high in the skin of the 12-week foetus and remained so in the older foetuses. These results were correlated with the development of the foetal sebaceous glands, and were in general agreement with a parallel enzyme histochemical study. The role of androgen metabolism in human foetal skin is discussed.

scholarly journals Unraveling Human AQP5-PIP Molecular Interaction and Effect on AQP5 Salivary Glands Localization in SS Patients

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2108
Author(s):  
Clara Chivasso ◽  
Veronika Nesverova ◽  
Michael Järvå ◽  
Anne Blanchard ◽  
Kristie L Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Aquaporin 5 ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Inducible Protein

Saliva secretion requires effective translocation of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) water channel to the salivary glands (SGs) acinar apical membrane. Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) display abnormal AQP5 localization within acinar cells from SGs that correlate with sicca manifestation and glands hypofunction. Several proteins such as Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) may regulate AQP5 trafficking as observed in lacrimal glands from mice. However, the role of the AQP5-PIP complex remains poorly understood. In the present study, we show that PIP interacts with AQP5 in vitro and in mice as well as in human SGs and that PIP misexpression correlates with an altered AQP5 distribution at the acinar apical membrane in PIP knockout mice and SS hMSG. Furthermore, our data show that the protein-protein interaction involves the AQP5 C-terminus and the N-terminal of PIP (one molecule of PIP per AQP5 tetramer). In conclusion, our findings highlight for the first time the role of PIP as a protein controlling AQP5 localization in human salivary glands but extend beyond due to the PIP-AQP5 interaction described in lung and breast cancers.

scholarly journals MACROMICROSCOPIC ARGUMENTATION OF THE PATHOGENETIC SCENARIO OF BABESIOSIS IN THE COORDINATE SYSTEM «PATHOGEN-CARRIER-RESERVOIR»

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-440
Author(s):  
Inna I. Torianyk
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Ixodes Ticks ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Susceptible Organism ◽  
Babesia Spp

The aim is to get a thorough argument for the babesiosis pathogenetic scenario in the coordinate system «pathogen (Babesia spp.) – carrier (ticks of the Ixodoidea superfamily of the Ixodidea family) – reservoir (a susceptible organism)» with the emphasis on the epizootic/epidemic role of the carrier. Materials and methods: The macromicroscopic method of research was used in order to maximize the clarification of the babesiosis scenario, its pathogenetic links, the connection of the latter with attacks of active stages of ixodes ticks, types of circulation of ontogenetic forms of Babesia spp. in the body of carriers and their inoculation of the pathogen into an organism susceptible to it. The use of this method helped to strengthen the diagnostic potential of the study, and increase the reliability of the results obtained. Taking this into consideration it was focused on the epizootological/epidemiological aspects of babesiosis, the role and significance of the most vulnerable epizootic link – Ixodes ticks on the body of the vertebrate provider (mammal), poikilomorphism, anisomorphy. The study of the monolithic idiosome and ticks salivary glands were carried out on activated (capable of attack) female individuals aged 2-3 months after molting. Ticks were dissected in a cool (t=4ºC) Ringer’s saline solution for arachnids. Ticks and prepared salivary glands were fixed in 12% formalin solution on 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH=7.0-7.2) at t=4oC for 3 hours, washed with the buffer, and fixed again for 1 hour (t=4oC). To achieve tonicity, sucrose was added to the fixatives and the washing medium. Dehydration occurred due to a battery of alcohols of increasing concentration and absolute acetone. Microspecimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were studied using an Olympus BX-41 microscope (Japan). Results: Implementation of the leading stages of the babesiosis pathogenetic scenario is focused on the coordinate system «pathogen (Babesia spp.) − carrier (ticks of the Ixodoidea superfamily of the Ixodidea family) − reservoir (a susceptible organism)» in which carrier take the leading place. The macromicroscopic specificity of the structure of the ticks (variability: ability to aniso-, poikilomorphism) is an evidence-based criterion for pathogens inoculation to the macroorganism of warm-blooded vertebrates. It determines the features of circulation and organ/cellular locations of Babesia spp. (intestines and its epithelium, hemolymph, gonads, salivary glands). The species belonging of warm blooded vertebrates susceptible to babesiosis pathogens correlates with the species belonging of ticks and determines the tropicity of the latter. The simultaneous implementation of a complex of research procedures with the tick biological material samples is problematic taking into account the physical lack of material, which requires researchers to re-orient the diagnostic vector towards the use of additional methods for babesiosis diagnosing, including in vitro ones. Conclusions: In the pathogenetic scenario of babesiosis, the carrier (Ixodes ticks) is the central figure in the epidemic/epizootic coordinate system.

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

An integrated screening method for evaluating the pulmonary toxicity of inhaled particulates: Role of microscopic techniques in assessing pulmonary macrophage clearance functions

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 826-827
Author(s):  
David B. Warheit ◽  
Lena Achinko ◽  
Mark A. Hartsky
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Pulmonary Toxicity ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Pulmonary Response ◽  
Inhaled Particles ◽  
Cytochemical Analysis ◽  
Pulmonary Macrophages ◽  
Integrated Screening

There is a great need for the development of a rapid and reliable bioassay to evaluate the pulmonary toxicity of inhaled particles. A number of methods have been proposed, including lung clearance studies, bronchoalveolar lavage analysis, and in vitro cytotoxicity tests. These methods are often limited in scope inasmuch as they measure only one dimension of the pulmonary response to inhaled, instilled or incubated dusts. Accordingly, a comprehensive approach to lung toxicity studies has been developed.To validate the method, rats were exposed for 6 hours or 3 days to various concentrations of either aerosolized alpha quartz silica (Si) or carbonyl iron (CI) particles. Cells and fluids from groups of sham and dust-exposed animals were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Alkaline phosphatase, LDH and protein values were measured in BAL fluids at several time points postexposure. Cells were counted and evaluated for viability, as well as differential and cytochemical analysis. In addition, pulmonary macrophages (PM) were cultured and studied for morphology, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis by scanning electron microscopy.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

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